Logout Open In App
Open In App
Warning: foreach() argument must be of type array|object, bool given in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/studypress-core-theme/template-parts/header/mobile-offcanvas.php on line 20

Chapter 9: Q3FDD (page 414)

Critical Thinking: Did the NFL Rule Change Have the Desired Effect? Among 460 overtime National Football League (NFL) games between 1974 and 2011, 252 of the teams that won the overtime coin toss went on to win the game. During those years, a team could win the coin toss and march down the field to win the game with a field goal, and the other team would never get possession of the ball. That just didn’t seem fair. Starting in 2012, the overtime rules were changed. In the first three years with the new overtime rules, 47 games were decided in overtime and the team that won the coin toss won 24 of those games. Analyzing the Results

What do you conclude about the effectiveness of the overtime rule change?

Short Answer

Expert verified

It can be concluded that the overtime change rule was not effective in reducing the number of overtime games that were won by the team that won the toss.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

In the years between 1974 and 2011, out of 460 overtime games, 252 games were won by the team that won the coin toss.

In the first 3 years beginning from 2012, there were 47 overtime games and 24 of those games were won by the team that won the coin toss.

02

Conclusion about the effectiveness of the overtime rule change

The number of overtime games that were won by the team that won the toss before the overtime rule change was not significantly greater than the number of overtime games that were won by the team that won the toss after the overtime rule change

This was proved by conducting the hypothesis test as well as the confidence interval in the previous exercise 2FDD.

Thus, it can be concluded that the overtime change rule was not effective in lowering the number of games that were won because of practising the unfair procedure that was prevalent before the rule was changed.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Denomination Effect In the article “The Denomination Effect” by Priya Raghubir and Joydeep Srivastava, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 36, researchers reported results from studies conducted to determine whether people have different spending characteristics when they have larger bills, such as a \(20 bill, instead of smaller bills, such as twenty \)1 bills. In one trial, 89 undergraduate business students from two different colleges were randomly assigned to two different groups. In the “dollar bill” group, 46 subjects were given dollar bills; the “quarter” group consisted of 43 subjects given quarters. All subjects from both groups were given a choice of keeping the money or buying gum or mints. The article includes the claim that “money in a large denomination is less likely to be spent relative to an equivalent amount in smaller denominations.” Test that claim using a 0.05 significance level with the following sample data from the study.

Notation for the sample data given in exercise 1, consider the salk vaccine treatment group to be the first sample. Identify the values of n1,p^1,q^1,n2,p^2,q^2,p¯and q¯. Round all values so that they have six significant digits.

Confidence Interval for Haemoglobin

Large samples of women and men are obtained, and the haemoglobin level is measured in each subject. Here is the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population means, where the measures from women correspond to population 1 and the measures from men correspond to population 2: -1.76g/dL<μ1-μ2<-1.62g/dL.

a. What does the confidence interval suggest about equality of the mean hemoglobin level in women and the mean hemoglobin level in men?

b. Write a brief statement that interprets that confidence interval.

c. Express the confidence interval with measures from men being population 1 and measures from women being population 2.

In Exercises 5–20, assume that the two samples are independent simple random samples selected from normally distributed populations, and do not assume that the population standard deviations are equal. (Note: Answers in Appendix D include technology answers based on Formula 9-1 along with “Table” answers based on Table A-3 with df equal to the smaller of n1−1 and n2−1.)Color and Creativity Researchers from the University of British Columbia conducted trials to investigate the effects of color on creativity. Subjects with a red background were asked to think of creative uses for a brick; other subjects with a blue background were given the same task. Responses were scored by a panel of judges and results from scores of creativity are given below. Higher scores correspond to more creativity. The researchers make the claim that “blue enhances performance on a creative task.”

a. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that blue enhances performance on a creative task. b. Construct the confidence interval appropriate for the hypothesis test in part (a). What is it about the confidence interval that causes us to reach the same conclusion from part (a)?Red Background: n = 35, x = 3.39, s = 0.97Blue Background: n = 36, x = 3.97, s = 0.63

Testing Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7–22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.

Is Echinacea Effective for Colds? Rhinoviruses typically cause common colds. In a test of the effectiveness of Echinacea, 40 of the 45 subjects treated with Echinacea developed rhinovirus infections. In a placebo group, 88 of the 103 subjects developed rhinovirus infections (based on data from “An Evaluation of Echinacea Angustifolia in Experimental Rhinovirus Infections,” by Turner et al., New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, No. 4). We want to use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that Echinacea has an effect on rhinovirus infections.

a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test.

b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval.

c. Based on the results, does Echinacea appear to have any effect on the infection rate?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Math Textbooks

Applied Mathematics

Read Explanation

Logic and Functions

Read Explanation

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics

Read Explanation

Statistics

Read Explanation

Discrete Mathematics

Read Explanation

Calculus

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free