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Cybersecurity What do the results from the preceding exercises suggest about the possibility that the computer has been hacked? Is there any corrective action that should be taken?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Yes, there is a possibility that the computer has been hacked and there is a need for corrective action to be taken.

Step by step solution

01

Given information

The expected frequencies of the leading digits of inter-arrival traffic times are tabulated using Benford’s Law whereas the observed frequencies are obtained using a computer.

02

Necessary action

Referring to Exercise 3 of section 11-1,it has been concluded that the leading digits do not have a distribution that fits well with Benford’s law.

This means that the computer is not generating accurate results.

This implies that the computer might have been hacked.

If the computer has been jacked, corrective action is necessary to improve its performance in the future.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Is the hypothesis test described in Exercise 1 right tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed? Explain your choice.

Equivalent Tests A\({\chi ^2}\)test involving a 2\( \times \)2 table is equivalent to the test for the differencebetween two proportions, as described in Section 9-1. Using the claim and table inExercise 9 “Four Quarters the Same as $1?” verify that the\({\chi ^2}\)test statistic and the zteststatistic (found from the test of equality of two proportions) are related as follows:\({z^2}\)=\({\chi ^2}\).

Also show that the critical values have that same relationship.

Critical Thinking: Was Allstate wrong? The Allstate insurance company once issued a press release listing zodiac signs along with the corresponding numbers of automobile crashes, as shown in the first and last columns in the table below. In the original press release, Allstate included comments such as one stating that Virgos are worried and shy, and they were involved in 211,650 accidents, making them the worst offenders. Allstate quickly issued an apology and retraction. In a press release, Allstate included this: “Astrological signs have absolutely no role in how we base coverage and set rates. Rating by astrology would not be actuarially sound.”

Analyzing the Results The original Allstate press release did not include the lengths (days) of the different zodiac signs. The preceding table lists those lengths in the third column. A reasonable explanation for the different numbers of crashes is that they should be proportional to the lengths of the zodiac signs. For example, people are born under the Capricorn sign on 29 days out of the 365 days in the year, so they are expected to have 29/365 of the total number of crashes. Use the methods of this chapter to determine whether this appears to explain the results in the table. Write a brief report of your findings.

Zodiac sign

Dates

Length(days)

Crashes

Capricorn

Jan.18-Feb. 15

29

128,005

Aquarius

Feb.16-March 11

24

106,878

Pisces

March 12-April 16

36

172,030

Aries

April 17-May 13

27

112,402

Taurus

May 14-June 19

37

177,503

Gemini

June 20-July 20

31

136,904

Cancer

July21-Aug.9

20

101,539

Leo

Aug.10-Sep.15

37

179,657

Virgo

Sep.16-Oct.30

45

211,650

Libra

Oct.31-Nov 22

23

110,592

Scorpio

Nov. 23-Nov. 28

6

26,833

Ophiuchus

Nov.29-Dec.17

19

83,234

Sagittarius

Dec.18-Jan.17

31

154,477

In soccer, serious fouls in the penalty box result in a penalty kick withone kicker and one defending goalkeeper. The table below summarizes results from 286 kicksduring games among top teams (based on data from “Action Bias Among Elite Soccer Goalkeepers:

The Case of Penalty Kicks,” by Bar-Eli et al., Journal of Economic Psychology,Vol.28, No. 5). In the table, jump direction indicates which way the goalkeeper jumped, where thekick direction is from the perspective of the goalkeeper. Use a 0.05 significance level to test theclaim that the direction of the kick is independent of the direction of the goalkeeper jump. Dothe results support the theory that because the kicks are so fast, goalkeepers have no time toreact, so the directions of their jumps are independent of the directions of the kicks?

Goalkeeper Jump

Left

Center

Right

Kick to Left

54

1

37

Kick to Center

41

10

31

Kick to Right

46

7

59

The accompanying table is from a study conducted

with the stated objective of addressing cell phone safety by understanding why we use a particular ear for cell phone use. (See “Hemispheric Dominance and Cell Phone Use,” by Seidman, Siegel, Shah, and Bowyer, JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery,Vol. 139, No. 5.)

The goal was to determine whether the ear choice is associated with auditory or language brain hemispheric dominance. Assume that we want to test the claim that handedness and cell phone ear preference are independent of each other.

a. Use the data in the table to find the expected value for the cell that has an observed frequency of 3. Round the result to three decimal places.

b. What does the expected value indicate about the requirements for the hypothesis test?

Right Ear

Left Ear

No Preference

Right-Handed

436

166

40

Left-Handed

16

50

3

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