Question

Pie Charts. In Exercises 13 and 14, construct the pie chart.

Journal Retractions Use the data from Exercise 11 “Journal Retractions.”

Short answer

The following pie chart is constructed for the number of retractions that have occurred due to various reasons:

Step-by-step solution

 Step 1: Given information

The data on the number of retractions of journals that have occurred due to various reasons is given.

Reason	Number of Retractions
Fraud	888
Error	436
Duplications	291
Other	287
Plagiarism	201

Define pie chart

A pie chart is a graph that depicts the proportion of different frequencies of the total as a segment of a circle/pie. The category with the highest frequency represents the largest slice on the chart, and the category with the lowest frequency represents the smallest slice on the chart.

Compute the proportions 

The following table shows the number of retractions:

Reason	Number of Retractions
Fraud	888
Error	436
Duplications	291
Other	287
Plagiarism	201

The steps to sketch a pie-chart are as follows:

• Tabulate the values corresponding to the different categories.
• Compute the degrees on the circle (out of 360 degrees) for each category using the given formula:

$\text{Degree}\text{on}\text{the}\text{circle}=\frac{\text{Frequency}\text{of}\text{the}\text{category}}{\text{Total}\text{frequency}}\times 360°$

The total frequency is computed below:

$888+436+291+287+201=2103$

The degrees corresponding to each reason are computed below:

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Fraud}=\frac{888}{2103}\times 360° \\ =152° \\ \text{Error}=\frac{436}{2103}\times 360° \\ =75° \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Duplication}=\frac{291}{2103}\times 360° \\ =50° \\ \text{Other}=\frac{287}{2103}\times 360° \\ =49° \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \text{Plagiarism}=\frac{201}{2103}\times 360° \\ =34° \end{gathered}$$

Sketch the pie chart 

The above values are rounded off so as to get a total of 360 degrees.

• Mark the angles on a circle corresponding to the degrees computed for each category using a protractor.
• Represent each category with a different color.

The following pie chart is constructed: