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Rewrite the given expression as a sum whose generic term involves xn. xn=2n(n1)anxn2+n=0anxn

Short Answer

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Question: Express the following as a sum whose generic term involves xn: xn=2n(n1)anxn2+n=0anxn Answer: S(x)=n=0an[(n1)nxn+xn]

Step by step solution

01

Observe the given expressions

Notice that the first sum has terms with exponent xn2 and coefficients n(n1)an, and the second sum has exponent xn and coefficients an. Our goal is to combine these expressions into a single power series.
02

Combine the expressions

We need to ensure that the exponents of both summations match so that we can combine these series. In the first summation, we substitute (n2) with m (where m=n2). Then n=m+2. Rewrite the first summation with the appropriate substitutions: xn=2n(n1)anxn2=xm=0(m+2)(m+1)am+2xm Now both summations are in terms of xm.
03

Combine both sums

Rewrite the expression combining both sums: S(x)=xm=0(m+2)(m+1)am+2xm+m=0amxm
04

Factor out the common xm term

Factor out the common xm term and rewrite the expression as one summation: S(x)=m=0[(m+2)(m+1)am+2xm+1+amxm]
05

Rewrite as a generic term xn

Since the exponent m+1 in the first part of the summation ranges from 1 to , we can rewrite the series with n as the exponent: S(x)=n=0[(n1)nanxn+anxn]
06

Group the coefficients of xn

To achieve the final form, we need to group the coefficients of xn. Combine terms with an: S(x)=n=0an[(n1)nxn+xn] Therefore, the expression has been rewritten as a sum whose generic term involves xn.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Differential Equations
Differential equations are mathematical equations that relate a function to its derivatives. In essence, they are used to model real-world systems where change is involved. For instance, if you think about the growth of a population, how a car slows down, or how a heat spreads through a room, these are all phenomena that can be described using differential equations.

There are many types of differential equations, such as:
  • Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) - involve functions of a single variable and their derivatives.
  • Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) - involve functions of multiple variables and their derivatives.
In the context of power series, differential equations can sometimes be solved by expressing the solution as a series. This involves finding coefficients that satisfy the equation when summed. Using series to solve differential equations is particularly useful when the solution cannot be easily expressed using standard functions.
Mathematical Analysis
Mathematical analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with understanding the properties of real and complex numbers, functions, and sequences. It involves analyzing how quantities change and how to understand convergence, continuity, and limits. Analysis is crucial to calculus and it provides the foundation for understanding mathematical rigor and formal proofs.

Key aspects include:
  • Limits - investigating how functions behave as variables approach a certain point.
  • Continuity - ensuring that small changes in input result in small changes in output.
  • Convergence - studying if a sequence or series approaches a certain value as terms continue.
When working with power series, mathematical analysis allows us to ensure the series converges and represents a function accurately within a radius of convergence.
Series Expansion
Series expansion helps express functions in terms of a sum of a sequence of terms. This is extremely powerful in mathematics because it allows complex functions to be expressed in simpler terms, making computation and calculus on these functions more manageable.

A power series is a specific type of series expansion given by:a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3+=n=0anxnThis represents a function as a sum of its terms. The process of series expansion can often involve manipulating the indices within sums, matching terms to find a general solution format, like we did in our exercise.

Series expansions are invaluable tools for approximating functions, especially in cases where exact forms are hard to obtain or integrate. They also facilitate the analysis of functions, allowing us to see patterns and relationships that are not immediately obvious.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The Legendre Equation. Problems 22 through 29 deal with the Legendre equation (1x2)y2xy+α(α+1)y=0 As indicated in Example 3, the point x=0 is an ordinaty point of this equation, and the distance from the origin to the nearest zero of P(x)=1x2 is 1 . Hence the radius of convergence of series solutions about x=0 is at least 1 . Also notice that it is necessary to consider only α>1 because if α1, then the substitution α=(1+γ) where γ0 leads to the Legendre equation (1x2)y2xy+γ(γ+1)y=0 Show that two linearly independent solutions of the Legendre equation for |x|<1 are y1(x)=1+m=1(1)m×α(α2)(α4)(α2m+2)(α+1)(α+3)(α+2m1)(2m)!x2my2(x)=x+m=1(1)m×(α1)(α3)(α2m+1)(α+2)(α+4)(α+2m)(2m+1)!x2m+1

Find all the regular singular points of the given differential equation. Determine the indicial equation and the exponents at the singularity for each regular singular point. x2yx(2+x)y+(2+x2)y=0

Find the solution of the given initial value problem. Plot the graph of the solution and describe how the solution behaves as x0. 2x2y+xy3y=0,y(1)=1,y(1)=4

The Legendre Equation. Problems 22 through 29 deal with the Legendre equation (1x2)y2xy+α(α+1)y=0 As indicated in Example 3, the point x=0 is an ordinaty point of this equation, and the distance from the origin to the nearest zero of P(x)=1x2 is 1 . Hence the radius of convergence of series solutions about x=0 is at least 1 . Also notice that it is necessary to consider only α>1 because if α1, then the substitution α=(1+γ) where γ0 leads to the Legendre equation (1x2)y2xy+γ(γ+1)y=0 The Legendre polynomials play an important role in mathematical physics. For example, in solving Laplace's equation (the potential equation) in spherical coordinates we encounter the equation d2F(φ)dφ2+cotφdF(φ)dφ+n(n+1)F(φ)=0,0<φ<π where n is a positive integer. Show that the change of variable x=cosφ leads to the Legendre equation with α=n for y=f(x)=F(arccosx).

Find all singular points of the given equation and determine whether each one is regular or irregular. x2(1x2)y+(2/x)y+4y=0

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