Chapter 2: Problem 30
Show that if
Short Answer
Expert verified
Question: For the given first-order linear ordinary differential equation , show that every solution has the property that as .
Answer: In both cases ( and ), the solutions of the given ODE have the desired property, as shown in the step-by-step solution. Specifically, for , the solution is , and for , the solution is . As , both expressions approach 0, fulfilling the condition .
Step by step solution
01
Case
When , our equation becomes:
Now, let's solve this first-order linear ODE using an integrating factor. The integrating factor is given by .
02
Multiply the equation by the integrating factor
Multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, :
The left-hand side of the equation now becomes the derivative of the product of and the integrating factor, :
03
Integrate both sides of the equation
Now, let's integrate both sides of the equation with respect to :
On the left-hand side, we can cancel the derivative with the integral, which leaves us with . On the right-hand side, the integral of a constant with respect to is , where is the integration constant:
04
Solve for
Now, let's solve for by dividing both sides by :
As , we can see that the denominator grows without bound, so .
05
Case
When , our equation remains as it was given:
Again, let's solve this first-order linear ODE using an integrating factor. The integrating factor is still given by .
06
Multiply the equation by the integrating factor
Multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, :
The left-hand side of the equation now becomes the derivative of the product of and the integrating factor, :
07
Integrate both sides of the equation
Next, let's integrate both sides of the equation with respect to :
On the left-hand side, we can cancel the derivative with the integral, which leaves us with . On the right-hand side, we have:
where is another integration constant.
08
Solve for
Now, let's solve for by dividing both sides by :
Rewriting the equation gives:
As , the term approaches 0, since . Similarly, the term becomes 0 as well. Therefore, we have in this case as well.
In conclusion, for both cases ( and ), the solutions of the given ODE have the property as .
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
First-Order Linear ODE
A first-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a type of differential equation that involves a first derivative of a function. In the form , it is linear with respect to . Such equations are common in various scientific fields, providing a tool to model relationships where changes over time are linear. In the exercise, the equation fits this pattern.
To solve first-order linear ODEs, we typically use integrating factors or substitution methods. The importance lies in their ability to approximate real-world phenomena such as electrical circuits, population growth, or decay processes. The linearity implies proportionality and simplicity but may not capture all complex dynamics, being effective within certain bounds of initial conditions and linear behaviors.
To solve first-order linear ODEs, we typically use integrating factors or substitution methods. The importance lies in their ability to approximate real-world phenomena such as electrical circuits, population growth, or decay processes. The linearity implies proportionality and simplicity but may not capture all complex dynamics, being effective within certain bounds of initial conditions and linear behaviors.
Integrating Factor
An integrating factor is a function used to solve linear differential equations more easily. It multiplies every term in the equation, simplifying it into a format that integrates cleanly. For a given differential equation , the integrating factor is given by . . The clarity of this process highlights why integrating factors are preferred in solving linear ODEs.
- The goal is to transform the left-hand side of the equation into a derivative of a product.
- In the exercise provided, the integrating factor
allows for the equation to be rewritten as the derivative .
Limit as
Understanding the behavior of solutions as time moves towards infinity helps us foresee long-term trends in models and equations. The asymptotic behavior analyzed, as shown in the step-by-step solution, determines the ultimate disposition of functions in time.
- In our exercise, regardless of whether
or , the solution approaches as . - It is a crucial property for confirming if a model naturally decomposes over time or if it will stabilize to a non-zero state.
Exponential Decay
Exponential decay describes processes where the quantity reduces at a rate proportional to its current value. It is one of the key results in analyzing differential equations where coefficients remain constant.
- In our exercise, when computing
, terms like and emerge. - These terms decay exponentially if the exponent is negative, steadily driving
towards zero over time.