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Show that if a and λ are positive constants, and b is any real number, then every solution of the equation y+ay=beλt has the property that y0 as t Hint: Consider the cases a=λ and aλ separately.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: For the given first-order linear ordinary differential equation y+ay=beλt, show that every solution has the property that y0 as t. Answer: In both cases (a=λ and aλ), the solutions of the given ODE have the desired property, as shown in the step-by-step solution. Specifically, for a=λ, the solution is y(t)=bt+Ceat, and for aλ, the solution is y(t)=baλe(λa)t+Deat. As t, both expressions approach 0, fulfilling the condition y0.

Step by step solution

01

Case a=λ

When a=λ, our equation becomes: y+ay=beat Now, let's solve this first-order linear ODE using an integrating factor. The integrating factor is given by I(t)=eadt=eat.
02

Multiply the equation by the integrating factor

Multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, eat: eat(y+ay)=beateat The left-hand side of the equation now becomes the derivative of the product of y(t) and the integrating factor, eat: ddt(eaty)=b
03

Integrate both sides of the equation

Now, let's integrate both sides of the equation with respect to t: ddt(eaty)dt=bdt On the left-hand side, we can cancel the derivative with the integral, which leaves us with eaty. On the right-hand side, the integral of a constant b with respect to t is bt+C, where C is the integration constant: eaty=bt+C
04

Solve for y(t)

Now, let's solve for y(t) by dividing both sides by eat: y(t)=bt+Ceat As t, we can see that the denominator eat grows without bound, so y(t)0.
05

Case aλ

When aλ, our equation remains as it was given: y+ay=beλt Again, let's solve this first-order linear ODE using an integrating factor. The integrating factor is still given by I(t)=eadt=eat.
06

Multiply the equation by the integrating factor

Multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, eat: eat(y+ay)=beateλt The left-hand side of the equation now becomes the derivative of the product of y(t) and the integrating factor, eat: ddt(eaty)=be(aλ)t
07

Integrate both sides of the equation

Next, let's integrate both sides of the equation with respect to t: ddt(eaty)dt=be(aλ)tdt On the left-hand side, we can cancel the derivative with the integral, which leaves us with eaty. On the right-hand side, we have: be(aλ)tdt=baλe(aλ)t+D where D is another integration constant.
08

Solve for y(t)

Now, let's solve for y(t) by dividing both sides by eat: y(t)=baλe(aλ)teat+Deat Rewriting the equation gives: y(t)=baλe(λa)t+Deat As t, the term e(λa)t approaches 0, since λa. Similarly, the term eat becomes 0 as well. Therefore, we have y(t)0 in this case as well. In conclusion, for both cases (a=λ and aλ), the solutions of the given ODE have the property y0 as t.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

First-Order Linear ODE
A first-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a type of differential equation that involves a first derivative of a function. In the form y+P(t)y=Q(t), it is linear with respect to y. Such equations are common in various scientific fields, providing a tool to model relationships where changes over time are linear. In the exercise, the equation y+ay=beλt fits this pattern.
To solve first-order linear ODEs, we typically use integrating factors or substitution methods. The importance lies in their ability to approximate real-world phenomena such as electrical circuits, population growth, or decay processes. The linearity implies proportionality and simplicity but may not capture all complex dynamics, being effective within certain bounds of initial conditions and linear behaviors.
Integrating Factor
An integrating factor is a function used to solve linear differential equations more easily. It multiplies every term in the equation, simplifying it into a format that integrates cleanly. For a given differential equation y+P(t)y=Q(t), the integrating factor is given by μ(t)=eP(t)dt.
  • The goal is to transform the left-hand side of the equation into a derivative of a product.
  • In the exercise provided, the integrating factor I(t)=eat allows for the equation to be rewritten as the derivative ddt(eaty).
By solving the resulting equation, integration becomes straightforward, leading to expressions where continuous and differentiable functions can be solved in terms of elementary functions, often resulting in straightforward expressions for the solution y(t). The clarity of this process highlights why integrating factors are preferred in solving linear ODEs.
Limit as t
Understanding the behavior of solutions as time t moves towards infinity helps us foresee long-term trends in models and equations. The asymptotic behavior analyzed, as shown in the step-by-step solution, determines the ultimate disposition of functions in time.
  • In our exercise, regardless of whether a=λ or aeqλ, the solution y(t) approaches 0 as t.
  • It is a crucial property for confirming if a model naturally decomposes over time or if it will stabilize to a non-zero state.
Such analyses are vital in areas like physics (for understanding damped motion), biological systems (for determining long-term rates of reaction), and economics (for evaluating the effect of decay rates on investments). Mathematical rigor in proving these limits helps ensure models' reliability and applicability in forecasting scenarios.
Exponential Decay
Exponential decay describes processes where the quantity reduces at a rate proportional to its current value. It is one of the key results in analyzing differential equations where coefficients remain constant.
  • In our exercise, when computing y(t)extast, terms like eat and e(λa)t emerge.
  • These terms decay exponentially if the exponent is negative, steadily driving y(t) towards zero over time.
The phenomenon is frequently encountered in physics, such as radioactive decay or thermal cooling and is adjustable to encompass more complex processes, modifying assumptions to fit various decay or growth rates. It highlights the practical, intuitive understandings in mathematics, emphasizing how initial parameters critically determine time evolution and eventual equilibrium states inside controlled systems.

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