Question

Find the four second partial derivatives of \(f(x, y)=x^{2} y^{3}\).

Short answer

Question: Find the four second partial derivatives of the function \(f(x, y) = x^2y^3\). Answer: The four second partial derivatives of the function are: 1. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} = 2y^3\) 2. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} = 6x^2y\) 3. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y} = 6xy^2\) 4. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y \partial x} = 6x^2y^2\)

Step-by-step solution

Find the first partial derivatives

Find the first partial derivatives of the function with respect to x and y: \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (x^2y^3) = 2xy^3\) \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (x^2y^3) = 3x^2y^2\)

Find the second partial derivatives with respect to x (twice)

Find the second-order partial derivative with respect to x (twice): \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} (x^2y^3) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (2xy^3) = 2y^3\)

Find the second partial derivatives with respect to y (twice)

Find the second-order partial derivative with respect to y (twice): \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} (x^2y^3) = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (3x^2y^2) = 6x^2y\)

Find the second partial derivatives with respect to x and y

Find the second-order partial derivative with respect to x and y: \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (3x^2y^2) = 6xy^2\)

Find the second partial derivatives with respect to y and x

Find the second-order partial derivative with respect to y and x: \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y \partial x} = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right) = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (2xy^3) = 6x^2y^2\) The four second partial derivatives of the function \(f(x, y) = x^2y^3\) are: 1. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} = 2y^3\) 2. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} = 6x^2y\) 3. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y} = 6xy^2\) 4. \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y \partial x} = 6x^2y^2\)

Key concepts

Partial Derivatives

In multivariable calculus, partial derivatives are an important concept that helps us understand the rate at which a function changes with respect to one of its variables, while the others are held constant. It can be thought of as the slope of a curve along a specific axis.

For a function like \(f(x, y) = x^2y^3\), we have two variables, \(x\) and \(y\). When calculating the partial derivative with respect to \(x\), we treat \(y\) as a constant. So, for the function \(f(x, y) = x^2y^3\), the partial derivative with respect to \(x\) is \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 2xy^3\). Conversely, when finding the partial derivative with respect to \(y\), \(x\) is held constant, resulting in \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 3x^2y^2\).

Partial derivatives are useful in finding the function's behavior in multi-dimensional spaces, revealing insights into how the variables affect the output of the function.

Multivariable Calculus

Multivariable calculus extends the principles of calculus to functions of multiple variables. This branch of calculus explores topics such as partial derivatives, multiple integrals, and in higher dimensions, vector fields.

This is crucial when dealing with real-world situations where multiple factors influence an outcome. For instance, in physics, engineering, and economics, many phenomena depend on several variables.

Understanding multivariable calculus equips students and professionals to model these complex situations accurately. It involves more than just differentiating or integrating; it requires an understanding of how these operations work together when multiple inputs affect the system.

Thus, finding second partial derivatives like \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}\), \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2}\), \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y}\), and \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y \partial x}\) helps in further analyzing changes and interactions between the variables examined in multivariable functions.

Mixed Derivatives

Mixed derivatives are a concept in multivariable calculus where we take derivatives with respect to different variables. In simpler terms, it's about assessing the change in one variable while simultaneously considering the change in another.

For mixed derivatives, we differentiate a function like \(f(x, y)\) first with respect to one variable and then another. This process can be reversed, often producing the same result, known as Clairaut's theorem or Schwarz's theorem. This is seen in our example as \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x \partial y} = 6xy^2\) and \(\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y \partial x} = 6x^2y^2\), where both derivatives exist and can be computed similarly under appropriate conditions.

Mixed derivatives are not only fundamental in mathematics but also play a role in science and engineering, assisting in understanding functions of several variables and their interdependent behaviors.