Question

Consider the dihedral group \(D_{n}=\left\\{\rho^{i} \tau^{j} \mid 0 \leq i

Short answer

(a) Yes, \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \triangleleft D_n \); (b) \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \cong D_k \).

Step-by-step solution

Understand Subgroup Definition

The subgroup \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \) is generated by \( \rho^k \). Since \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \subset D_n \), it includes all elements of the form \( \rho^{km} \) where \( m \) is an integer.

Check Normality of Subgroup

To show \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \triangleleft D_n \), check if conjugation by any element in \( D_n \) leaves \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \) invariant. Consider an element \( g = \rho^a \tau^b \in D_n \): \[g \rho^{km} g^{-1} = \rho^a \tau^b \rho^k \tau^{-b} \rho^{-a} \mathrm{(using\ \rho \tau = \tau \rho^{-1})}\]This reduces to \( \rho^a \rho^k \rho^{-a} \), which is an element of \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \). Since \( \rho^k \) is commutative within \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \), it indeed remains invariant, thus \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \triangleleft D_n \).

Define Quotient Group

The quotient group \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \) consists of cosets \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \rho^i \tau^j \), where the operation is the multiplication of cosets. The index of \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \) in \( D_n \) equals \( k \), given the order restrictions imposed by \( n/k \).

Isomorphism with Dihedral Group \( D_k \)

Recognize that \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \) behaves similarly to \( D_k \), since it effectively represents rotations and reflections reduced mod \( k \). The elements \( \{[1], \rho^1, \ldots, \rho^{k-1}, \tau\, \tau\rho, \ldots, \tau\rho^{k-1}\} \) adhere to the defining relations of \( D_k \). Thus \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \cong D_k \).

Key concepts

Group Theory

In mathematics, group theory is the study of algebraic structures known as groups. A group consists of a set of elements combined with an operation that satisfies four fundamental properties: closure, associativity, identity, and invertibility. Dihedral groups, denoted as \( D_n \), are a classic example of groups, representing the symmetries of a regular \( n \)-sided polygon, including rotations and reflections.

• Closure: If you apply a group operation on any two elements of a group, the result is still in the group.
• Associativity: The group operation satisfies \((a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c)\) for all elements \(a, b,\) and \(c\) in the group.
• Identity: There exists an element (often denoted \( e \)) which, when combined with any element \( a \), leaves \( a \) unchanged (\( e \cdot a = a\cdot e = a \)).
• Invertibility: For every element \( a \) in the group, there exists an inverse element \( b \) such that \( a \cdot b = b \cdot a = e \).

Dihedral groups blend these properties to model the recurrences of symmetrical transformations, making them a crucial part of group theory.

Normal Subgroup

A subgroup \( H \) of a group \( G \) is termed normal if it satisfies the condition \( gHg^{-1} = H \) for all elements \( g \) in \( G \). This property is significant because it allows for the construction of quotient groups. In the context of dihedral groups, when we consider the subgroup \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \) within \( D_n \), normality implies that conjugating \( \rho^k \) by any element of \( D_n \) results in an element that is still within the subgroup. This is essential for ensuring consistency within group operations.
The normality of \( \langle \rho^k \rangle \) in \( D_n \) arises from the commutative properties of rotations, which secure the subgroup under any transformations in the group, such as reflections and other rotations.

Quotient Group

A quotient group, denoted \( G/H \), is formed when a group \( G \) is partitioned into disjoint subsets called cosets by a normal subgroup \( H \). These cosets can be multiplied using the group's operation, where the operation is defined as combining coset representatives. The quotient group \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \) divides the dihedral group into parts that represent equivalent rotational symmetries modulo \( n/k \).

• Cosets: For an element \( g \) in \( G \), the left coset is \( gH = \{gh : h \in H\}\).
• Index: The number of distinct cosets is known as the index of \( H \) in \( G \).

In dihedral groups, quotient groups simplify the structure by "collapsing" redundant symmetries, facilitating a straightforward study of symmetrical properties.

Isomorphism

Isomorphism is a crucial concept in group theory. It describes a relation between groups where a group \( G \) is structurally identical to another group \( H \), up to relabeling of elements. This "sameness" means that if \( G \) and \( H \) are isomorphic, then they have identical group structures, even if their elements or operations appear different at a glance.
For our dihedral group problem, the goal was to show that the quotient group \( D_n / \langle \rho^k \rangle \) is isomorphic to \( D_k \). This means that \( D_n \) with rotations reduced mod \( k \) behaves the same way as \( D_k \), which models lower order polygons. Their operations mirror each other accurately, thus confirming an isomorphic relationship essential for understanding simpler symmetrical transformations in more complex systems.

• Function: An isomorphism is a bijective function between two groups that preserves the operation.
• Preservation: If \( \phi(a \cdot b) = \phi(a) \cdot \phi(b) \), then \( \phi \) is an isomorphism.

Isomorphisms help identify fundamental symmetries and characteristics that unify seemingly distinct groups.