Question

Find a formula for \(w\) by scaling the input of \(f\). Let \(f(u)\) give the maximum speed of a jet at a thrust of \(u\) pounds-force (lbs) and \(w(v)\) the maximum speed at a thrust of \(v\) newtons \((\mathrm{N})\). Use the fact that \(1 \mathrm{lb}\) is \(4.448 \mathrm{~N}\)

Short answer

Answer: The formula for \(w\) is \(w(v) = f\left(\frac{v}{4.448}\right)\).

Step-by-step solution

Convert lbs to N

To convert the thrust given in lbs to N, we use the conversion factor: \(1\, \mathrm{lb} = 4.448\, \mathrm{N}\). So, for a given thrust \(u\) lbs, the corresponding thrust in N is \(u \cdot 4.448\) N.

Scale the input of f(u)

Now, we want to find the maximum speed \(w(v)\) at a given thrust in N, \(v\). Since we already have the function \(f(u)\) to find the maximum speed in lbs, we need to scale the input of \(f(u)\) to get the same result in terms of N. To do this, we replace \(u\) with the equivalent thrust in N, which is \(u\cdot 4.448\). In other words, we need to find \(f(u\cdot 4.448)\).

Find w(v)

We are now ready to find the function \(w(v)\). We need to find the maximum speed when the thrust is given in N, so we'll use the scaled input of the function \(f\). Since \(v = u\cdot 4.448\), we can rewrite this as \(u = \frac{v}{4.448}\). Now we can substitute this expression for \(u\) in terms of \(v\) into the function \(f\). This gives us the function \(w(v) = f\left(\frac{v}{4.448}\right)\). Thus, the formula for \(w\) is: $$ w(v) = f\left(\frac{v}{4.448}\right) $$

Key concepts

Unit Conversion

Unit conversion involves changing the units of a measured quantity without altering its value. This becomes essential in fields like physics and engineering, where measurements need consistency. Here, we focus on converting thrust values from pounds-force (lbs) to newtons (N).

Thrust is often measured in pounds-force in the United States, but the International System of Units (SI) uses newtons. Since 1 lb equals 4.448 N, we can convert by multiplying the lbs value by 4.448. For example, if you have 10 lbs of thrust, the equivalent in newtons would be 44.48 N (calculated as 10 lbs * 4.448 N/lb).

This conversion ensures that equations and models using the SI standard can be correctly applied without altering their predictive or comparative capabilities.

Jet Engine Thrust

Jet engine thrust is a crucial parameter in aviation, representing the force that propels the aircraft forward. This force is vital for overcoming aerodynamic drag and achieving desired speeds.

Understanding thrust involves recognizing its role in various phases of flight, such as takeoff, cruising, and landing. Engineers and pilots use thrust values to determine the optimal engine settings needed for speed control and fuel efficiency.

Moreover, thrust values ensure aircraft performance meets safety regulations and operational standards. In the exercise, thrust is the input for function scaling, where thrust values are initially given in pounds-force and need conversion to newtons for standardized calculations.

Input Transformation

Input transformation refers to modifying an equation's or function's input to work with different unit measurements or conditions. This concept is crucial when applying formulas across varying systems of units.

In our example, the function \( f(u) \), which predicts jet speed based on thrust in lbs, needs adaptation to use newtons. Here, the transformed input is achieved by substituting \( u \) with \( \frac{v}{4.448} \), where \( v \) represents the thrust in newtons.

This transformation is essential to keep the function relevant and accurate, maintaining consistency and coherence in the results, regardless of the units used. Such transformations allow for seamless integration of data from different measurement systems, facilitating universal applicability of models and calculations.