Question

A Clock Signal A clock signal is a non-sinusoidal signal used to coordinate actions of a digital circuit. Such signals oscillate between two levels, high and low, "instantaneously" at regular intervals. The most common clock signal has the form of a square wave and can be approximated by the sum of simple harmonic sinusoidal waves, such as $$ f(x)=2.35+\sin x+\frac{\sin (3 x)}{3}+\frac{\sin (5 x)}{5}+\frac{\sin (7 x)}{7}+\frac{\sin (9 x)}{9} $$ Graph this function for \(-4 \pi \leq x \leq 4 \pi\).

Short answer

Plot the given function: \(f(x) = 2.35 + \text{sin}(x) + \frac{\text{sin}(3x)}{3} + \frac{\text{sin}(5x)}{5} + \frac{\text{sin}(7x)}{7} + \frac{\text{sin}(9x)}{9}\) from \(-4\boldsymbol{\text{π}}\) to \(4\boldsymbol{\text{π}}\).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Function

The given function is a Fourier series approximation of a square wave. It is composed of a constant term and several sinusoidal terms: \[f(x) = 2.35 + \frac{\text{sin}(x)}{1} + \frac{\text{sin}(3x)}{3} + \frac{\text{sin}(5x)}{5} + \frac{\text{sin}(7x)}{7} + \frac{\text{sin}(9x)}{9}\]

Setting the Range for x

You need to graph the function for the range \[-4\boldsymbol{\text{π}} \text{ to } 4\boldsymbol{\text{π}}\]This means the values of x will vary between \[-4\boldsymbol{\text{π}} \text{ and } 4\boldsymbol{\text{π}}\].

Plotting the Function

Use a graphing tool or software like Desmos, GeoGebra, or even a graphing calculator. Input the function \[f(x) = 2.35 + \text{sin}(x) + \frac{\text{sin}(3x)}{3} + \frac{\text{sin}(5x)}{5} + \frac{\text{sin}(7x)}{7} + \frac{\text{sin}(9x)}{9}\]Set the x-axis to range from \[-4\boldsymbol{\text{π}} \text{ to } 4\boldsymbol{\text{π}}\]. Observing the resulting graph will show a shape that approximates a square wave.

Key concepts

square wave

A square wave is a type of non-sinusoidal waveform that switches between two levels—high and low—at regular intervals. This on-off pattern makes a square wave ideal for digital signaling, as digital systems recognize two states, often represented as 0 (low) and 1 (high). Square waves are characterized by their amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle. The amplitude is the peak value of the signal, the frequency is the number of cycles per second, and the duty cycle is the fraction of one period when the signal is high.
In real-world applications, achieving a perfect square wave can be challenging due to physical limitations, which is where Fourier series come in. Fourier series can approximate a square wave by summing sinusoidal waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. This helps produce signals that are as close as possible to an ideal square wave.

harmonic analysis

Harmonic analysis involves breaking down complex signals into simpler components, known as harmonics. Each harmonic is a sinusoidal wave with a frequency that is an integer multiple of a fundamental frequency. For example, if you have a signal with a fundamental frequency of 1 Hz, the second harmonic will have a frequency of 2 Hz, the third harmonic will have 3 Hz, and so on.
In the context of the given exercise, the Fourier series form of the function includes terms like \(\frac{\text{sin}(3x)}{3}\) and \(\frac{\text{sin}(5x)}{5}\). These terms represent higher harmonics. By summing these harmonics, you can approximate more complex waveforms, such as a square wave.
Harmonic analysis is crucial in many fields, such as music, signal processing, and electrical engineering. It helps us understand and manipulate signals to improve their transmission, storage, and interpretation.

graphing trigonometric functions

To graph the given function, it’s essential to understand how each term contributes to the overall shape. The function \(\text{f(x) = 2.35 + \text{sin}(x) + \frac{\text{sin}(3x)}{3} + \frac{\text{sin}(5x)}{5} + \frac{\text{sin}(7x)}{7} + \frac{\text{sin}(9x)}{9}}\) combines multiple sinusoidal terms. Each term has a specific amplitude and frequency.
Here’s how you can plot the function step-by-step:

• Use a graphing tool or software like Desmos, GeoGebra, or a graphing calculator.
• Input the function, ensuring that each term is correctly represented.
• Set your x-axis to range from \(-4\pi \text{ to }\ 4\pi\) for a complete view of its behavior.
• Observe how the combined sinusoidal waves approximate the shape of a square wave.

Graphing such functions helps in visualizing how complex signals can be modeled by simpler trigonometric terms. This understanding can be applied to other periodic functions as well.

digital signals

Digital signals are used extensively in modern electronics and communication systems. Unlike analog signals, which can take on any value within a range, digital signals switch between fixed levels, typically 0 and 1. This switching mechanism makes them more resilient to noise and easier to process using digital circuits.
The clock signal mentioned in the exercise is vital in digital systems. It's essentially a timing reference used to synchronize operations within a digital circuit. A square wave is a typical representation of a clock signal because of its rapid transitions between high and low states. Such sharp transitions ensure that digital circuits react quickly and accurately to changes in the signal.
By using Fourier series to approximate square waves, engineers can design more efficient and reliable digital systems. Understanding how to decompose and approximate these signals is fundamental in fields like data communication, computer engineering, and signal processing.