Problem 2
Briefly outline climate changes both from 100,000 to 10,000 years ago and from 10,000 years ago to the present.
Problem 4
Explain how pollen and plankton assemblages are used to measure past climates.
Problem 6
Discuss the role of solar output in determining climate.
Problem 8
In what forms is carbon present in the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the crust?
Problem 9
Draw a rough sketch of the carbon cycle and explain the chemical transformations shown in your cycle.
Problem 11
Explain how continental positions can affect climate. Discuss the time scale for various tectonic influences on climate.
Problem 12
Explain how volcanic eruptions can cause either a cooling or a warming of the atmosphere.
Problem 14
List and explain four feedback. loops that affect climate. For each one, outline the contributions of geosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.
Problem 15
Discuss the scientific arguments for our concern that humans are causing global warming-
Problem 16
Discuss the consequences of a warmer Earth. How would temperature changes affect precipitation? How would changes in temperature and precipitation affect agriculture, ecosystems, and human society?
