Question

Which is an engine that can launch an object into space? A. space probe C. capsule B. shuttle D. rocket

Short answer

The correct answer is D. rocket.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Terminology

First, we need to understand what each of the options is. A space probe is an unmanned spacecraft that travels through space to collect data. A capsule typically refers to the section of a spacecraft used for crew or cargo. A shuttle is a spacecraft designed for repeated use. A rocket is a vehicle or device propelled by the expulsion of swiftly moving fluid.

Identify the Function

Next, determine which of these can physically launch an object into space. A space probe, capsule, and shuttle are all typically part of a larger spacecraft system but do not in themselves have the capacity to launch into space. Rockets, on the other hand, are designed specifically to propel objects from the Earth's surface into space.

Choose the Correct Answer

Based on the function of each option, a rocket is the engine capable of launching an object into space. Rockets utilize principles of physics, such as Newton's third law, to move upwards and into the trajectory needed to breach Earth's atmosphere.

Key concepts

Spacecraft Components

When it comes to space exploration, understanding the different components of a spacecraft is crucial. Each part of a spacecraft serves a unique function, working together to accomplish the mission's goals. Let's break down some of the primary components:

• Space Probe: These are unmanned spacecraft designed to travel out of Earth's orbit to gather data about the universe. They don't launch themselves but are often carried by rockets.
• Capsule: This part of the spacecraft is primarily designated for carrying crew or cargo. They are equipped to support life and can be designed for re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.
• Shuttle: Unlike single-use rockets, shuttles are reusable spacecraft that carry astronauts and cargo to and from space.

Each of these components plays a vital role in the broader mission architecture, where rockets serve as the primary launch mechanism. Together, they enable us to explore the vast expanse of space.

Launch Systems

Launch systems are the backbone of any successful space mission. They refer to the entirety of hardware and procedures involved in getting a spacecraft off the ground and into space. The core of these systems is often the rocket, which serves as the engine that propels the spacecraft away from Earth's gravity.
Some of the key types of launch systems include:

• Solid rocket engines: These engines are simpler and less expensive but generally less efficient. They burn solid propellants to produce thrust.
• Liquid rocket engines: More complex and costly, these engines use liquid propellants and typically offer greater control and efficiency.
• Hybrid rocket engines: These engines combine elements of both solid and liquid fuels, seeking to balance efficiency with simplicity.

The choice of a launch system can significantly impact a mission's success, determining the payload capacity and the type of mission that can be undertaken.

Newton's Third Law

Newton's Third Law is fundamental to rocket propulsion. It states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This principle explains how rockets are able to launch from the ground.
To put it simply:

• When the rocket expels gas downwards, an equal and opposite force pushes the rocket upward.
• This force overcomes the gravity pulling it back to Earth and allows it to move through the atmosphere.

This "action-reaction" mechanism is the key to understanding how rockets propel spacecraft into orbit. Rockets carry both fuel and oxygen, allowing them to ignite their engines in the vacuum of space, where there's no air. Understanding this law is critical for designing effective launch systems and predicting their performance.