Question

How may evolution lead to the development of new species (speciation)?

Short answer

Evolution, driven by natural selection, can lead to the development of new species (speciation) when a population is divided into separate groups that evolve independently. Over time, if the genetic changes in each group become significant to a point where interbreeding can no longer produce fertile offspring, speciation has occurred. This process can be either allopatric (geographically separated) or sympatric (reproductive isolation without geographical barriers).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Evolution

Begin by understanding the concept of evolution. It is the gradual change in a species over an extended period, mostly as a result of natural selection. Natural selection occurs when individuals having certain inherited traits are more likely survive and reproduce than others.

Introduction to Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. It is responsible for the diversity of life on Earth. Speciation usually occurs when a group within a species separates from others and develops its own unique characteristics.

Mechanisms of Speciation

Understand that there are two main categories of speciation: allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is divided by a geographical barrier (such as a river or a mountain range), leading each group to evolve independently. Sympatric speciation, on the other hand, involves reproductive isolation without any geographical barriers, for instance due to changes in behaviour or timing of reproduction.

Process of Speciation

Now, connect steps 1, 2 and 3 to understand the process of how speciation results from evolution. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate in each separated population. If these changes become so significant that the two groups can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring, they have become different species.