Question

Cite some reasons for the existence of controversies within science, and carefully distinguish between sound science and junk science.

Short answer

Controversies within science can arise from differing interpretations of data, lack of definitive proof, evolution of theories, ethical concerns, and vested interests. Sound science refers to rigorously conducted, peer-reviewed, and replicable scientific work, such as the general theory of relativity. Junk science, on the other hand, lacks these rigorous standards and can include unverified claims, pseudoscience theories, and unproven news reports.

Step-by-step solution

Identify Controversies Within Science.

Controversies within science can arise due to a variety of reasons. Some of these include differing interpretations of data and results, lack of definitive proof, evolving scientific theories, ethical considerations, and vested interests. It's important to note that these controversies are a normal part of scientific progress, as they encourage rigorous testing and refinement of theories and hypotheses.

Define and Provide Examples of Sound Science.

Sound science is science that adheres to rigorous standards and methodologies. This involves collecting data objectively, using repeatable and verifiable experiments, and verifying results through peer review. An example of sound science is the general theory of relativity, which has been repeatedly tested and verified since it was first proposed by Einstein.

Define and Provide Examples of Junk Science.

Junk science refers to ideas or theories that are presented as scientific, but that lack the rigorous methodology, peer review, or replicability that is associated with sound science. Examples of junk science may include unverified health claims, pseudoscience theories such as astrology, or unproven and sensationalized news reports.