Question

In terms of international treaties, distinguish between a convention and a protocol.

Short answer

In summary, a convention is a foundational international agreement that addresses a broad range of issues on a specific topic and is legally binding for the countries that are party to it, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) or the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). A protocol, on the other hand, is a supplementary agreement that complements, modifies, or expands upon an existing treaty or convention, focusing on specific aspects or details and is also legally binding for the countries that ratify it, such as the Kyoto Protocol or the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The main differences between a convention and a protocol lie in their purpose, scope, and ratification process.

Step-by-step solution

1. Define a Convention

A convention, in the context of international treaties, is a formal agreement between multiple countries that outlines shared principles, rules, and procedures on various international issues. Conventions are legally binding for the countries that are party to the agreement. They can address a wide range of topics, such as human rights, environmental protection, and trade regulations.

2. Provide Examples of Conventions

Some well-known international conventions include the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Geneva Conventions, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

3. Define a Protocol

A protocol, on the other hand, is a supplementary agreement that complements and clarifies an existing treaty or convention. Protocols may modify, amend, or expand upon the original agreement to address new developments, specific issues, or provide additional details. Like conventions, protocols are also legally binding for the countries that ratify them.

4. Provide Examples of Protocols

Examples of protocols include the Kyoto Protocol, which is an extension of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

5. Explain the Main Differences

The main differences between a convention and a protocol are: 1. Purpose: A convention establishes a foundational agreement on a specific topic, while a protocol is an extension or supplement to an existing treaty or convention. 2. Scope: A convention generally covers a broader range of issues within a specific area, whereas a protocol focuses on a particular aspect or details related to the original agreement. 3. Ratification: A country may ratify or accede to a convention independently, whereas a protocol usually requires a country to have already ratified the treaty or convention it amends or supplements. In summary, a convention is a foundational agreement that addresses a broad range of issues on a specific topic, while a protocol is a supplementary agreement that complements, modifies, or expands upon an existing treaty or convention.