Question

China's burning of coal has caused major and growing air pollution problems for the country and for its neighboring nations, and it has contributed to projected climate change. In addition, air pollution generated in China now sometimes spreads across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of North America. Do you think China is justified in developing its coal resource aggressively as other countries-including the United States-have done with their coal resources? Explain. What are China's alternatives? If you think that China should sharply reduce its dependence on coal, would you also call for the United States to sharply reduce its use of coal? Explain.

Short answer

China should reduce coal dependence and use alternatives. The U.S. should also reduce coal use.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Context

China's reliance on coal has significant environmental impacts both domestically and internationally. These include regional air pollution and contributions to global climate change.

Considering Justifications for Coal Use

China, like many other countries during their industrialization phases, has used coal as a key energy resource due to its abundance and economic benefits. This is similar to the historical use of coal in the United States and other nations.

Evaluating Alternatives to Coal

China has alternative energy sources such as renewable energy (solar, wind, hydropower) and nuclear energy. Investing in these alternatives can reduce dependence on coal while mitigating environmental impacts.

Assessing Impact on Global Climate

The shift away from coal by major global players like China and the U.S. would significantly contribute to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate change.

International Responsibility and Policy Recommendations

Given the significant environmental impacts, it is justified to recommend that both China and the United States reduce their coal use. This reflects a shared international responsibility to combat climate change.

Key concepts

Air Pollution

Air pollution in China is a critical issue, primarily due to the extensive use of coal. Burning coal releases harmful substances like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter into the atmosphere. These pollutants contribute to the formation of smog, which poses severe health risks to the population, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Not only does local pollution affect inhabitants directly, but it also has far-reaching effects. Wind patterns can carry these pollutants across borders, affecting neighboring countries and even reaching as far as the west coast of North America. This transboundary pollution highlights the global nature of air pollution and the need for cooperative international strategies to reduce emissions.
To tackle air pollution, China is encouraged to implement stricter environmental regulations and invest in cleaner technologies. Transitioning to low-emission fuels and improving energy efficiency are vital steps toward cleaner air.

Climate Change

The use of coal has profound implications for climate change. When coal is burned, it releases carbon dioxide (CO2), a dominant greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. This accumulation of greenhouse gases traps heat, leading to global warming. As a result, China, being one of the largest coal consumers, plays a significant role in global climate dynamics.
Climate change leads to severe consequences including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. These changes affect millions worldwide, making it a pressing global concern. Additionally, mitigating climate change requires a cooperative effort from all nations, especially major industrial players like China.
China can take part in global climate initiatives by setting ambitious targets to reduce its carbon footprint and participating actively in international climate agreements. Reducing its reliance on coal and promoting sustainable energy solutions are critical actions that can help mitigate climate change effects.

Renewable Energy

China has vast potential to develop and utilize renewable energy. Sources like solar, wind, and hydropower offer sustainable and clean alternatives to coal. Investing in these technologies, China can diversify its energy portfolio while minimizing environmental impacts.
Renewable energy not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also helps safeguard against energy instability by reducing dependency on a single energy source like coal. As technology advances, the cost of renewable energy continues to fall, making it more competitive with traditional fossil fuels.
By increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure, China can become a leader in the global energy transition. This shift promises long-term economic benefits and aligns with global efforts to combat climate change by reducing carbon emissions.

International Responsibility

Countries have a shared responsibility to address environmental issues like climate change and pollution. This is especially true for nations like China and the United States, who are among the largest contributors to global carbon emissions.
International responsibility means committing to collaborative efforts in reducing greenhouse gases and adhering to global agreements such as the Paris Agreement. Major industrial nations are expected to lead by example, setting stringent emission targets and supporting developing countries in their energy transitions.
China's role in taking international responsibility includes enhancing its policies to limit coal use and increase transparency in environmental practices. Collaborative frameworks can encourage technology sharing and financial support across borders, fostering a united front against global environmental challenges.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions are a significant byproduct of coal combustion, prominently involving carbon dioxide. These emissions are fundamental contributors to the greenhouse effect, where gases trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere, leading to global warming.
China's coal industry is a major emitter of such gases. The global community closely watches China's emission outcomes as they impact worldwide climate objectives. Reductions in these emissions are essential for the earth's climate balance.
Efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions include transitioning to low-carbon fuels, enhancing energy efficiency, and adopting innovative carbon capture technologies. By doing so, China can significantly lower its greenhouse gas footprint, supporting global initiatives aimed at sustainable development and environmental preservation.