Question

Bacteria that feed upon decaying organic matter in the soil would best be described as which one of the following? A. Eukaryotic B. Autotrophic C. Fungi D. Cyanobacteria E. Heterotrophic

Short answer

E. Heterotrophic

Step-by-step solution

Understand the terminology

First, understand the terms provided in the options. Eukaryotic organisms have cells with nuclei. Autotrophic organisms produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis. Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeast and molds. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria. Heterotrophic organisms obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

Analyze the question

The question is asking for the best description of bacteria that feed on decaying organic matter in the soil. This means the bacteria obtain nutrients by breaking down dead plant and animal material.

Eliminate options

Since the bacteria are feeding on decaying matter, they are not producing their own food, which eliminates 'B. Autotrophic' and 'D. Cyanobacteria'. 'A. Eukaryotic' is incorrect because bacteria are prokaryotic. While some fungi are heterotrophic and decompose organic matter, the question is specifically about bacteria.

Select the correct option

Given the nature of the bacteria in question, 'E. Heterotrophic' is the best description, as heterotrophic bacteria gain nutrients by feeding on decaying organic matter.

Key concepts

Decomposition

Decomposition is a vital process in nature. It involves breaking down dead plant and animal material into simpler substances.
Heterotrophic bacteria are key players in this process. They consume organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil.
These nutrients then become available for plants and other organisms. Without decomposition, ecosystems would be filled with dead material and lack the nutrients required for new growth.
Heterotrophic bacteria contribute significantly by breaking down complex compounds into simpler molecules.

Organic Matter

Organic matter refers to material that comes from living organisms.
It includes plant residues, animal remains, and microorganisms.
In the soil, organic matter is crucial for maintaining soil health and fertility. Heterotrophic bacteria play a big role in converting this material into humus, which is highly beneficial for plants.
Humus improves water retention, soil structure, and nutrient availability. Bacteria feed on organic matter, aiding its transformation and ensuring a continuous supply of nutrients in the soil.

Bacterial Nutrition

Bacterial nutrition involves consuming nutrients from their environment. Unlike autotrophs, heterotrophic bacteria cannot make their own food.
Instead, they rely on other organic materials for sustenance.
These bacteria break down complex organic compounds, such as cellulose and proteins.
The process not only provides energy and nutrients for the bacteria but also helps recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
Bacterial nutrition is essential for soil fertility as these microorganisms convert organic materials into simpler forms that plants can easily absorb.

Soil Ecology

Soil ecology is the study of interactions among soil organisms and their environment.
It includes bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, all contributing to soil health.
Heterotrophic bacteria are especially important, as they decompose organic matter and enrich the soil with nutrients.
Healthy soil ecology ensures robust plant growth and sustainable agricultural practices. Maintaining a balanced soil ecosystem is crucial for preventing issues like soil erosion and nutrient depletion.
Understanding soil ecology helps in creating effective strategies for soil conservation and management.