Question

Below is a table listing the concentrations of chemicals found in human blood and urine $$ \begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & \begin{array}{l} \text { Albumin } \\ \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} \end{array} & \begin{array}{l} \text { Chloride } \\ \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} \end{array} & \begin{array}{l} \text { Glucose } \\ \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} \end{array} & \begin{array}{l} \text { Phosphate } \\ \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} \end{array} & \begin{array}{l} \text { Urea } \\ \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} \end{array} \\ \hline \text { Blood } & 4.1 & 92 & 95 & 2.5 & 4.5 \\ \hline \text { Urine } & \- & 53 & \- & 0.15 & 1.6 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Based on the table above, which of the following chemicals is NOT normally found in urine? A. albumin only B. chloride only C. glucose only D. albumin and glucose

Short answer

Based on the table, both albumin and glucose are not normally found in urine. So the correct answer is: D. albumin and glucose

Step-by-step solution

Compare the specified chemicals in urine

Refer to the given table and look at the row corresponding to "Urine". Review the concentrations of albumin, chloride, and glucose in urine.

Identify the absence of chemicals

From the table, we can see the following information related to urine: - Albumin: not present (indicated by '-') - Chloride: 53 mg/dL (present) - Glucose: not present (indicated by '-')

Choose the correct answer

Based on the above observations, both albumin and glucose are not normally found in urine. So the correct answer is: D. albumin and glucose

Key concepts

human biology

Human biology is a captivating area of science, as it focuses on the intricate processes that make our bodies function. It involves the study of various systems and structures that interact seamlessly within us. An important aspect of this is understanding how our body maintains homeostasis, or a stable internal environment.

This stability includes the regulation of numerous chemicals and nutrients circulating in our body fluids. Blood and urine, for example, are two critical body fluids that reflect our health status. Blood serves as a transport medium for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, while urine is the way through which we remove excess substances and waste from our bodies.

Both fluids exhibit specific concentrations of various chemicals. These concentrations are carefully regulated by different organs, particularly the kidneys, which play a vital role in filtering blood, balancing electrolytes, and excreting waste products in the urine.

blood analysis

Blood analysis is a fundamental tool in understanding human health and diagnosing diseases. It involves examining the different components of blood, such as cells and plasma, to assess health status. One essential aspect is measuring the concentration of chemicals within the blood.

Key chemicals measured include:

• Albumin: A protein that maintains oncotic pressure and transports hormones, vitamins, and drugs.
• Chloride: An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance and acid-base balance.
• Glucose: A primary energy source for body cells.
• Phosphate: Important for energy production and bone health.
• Urea: A waste product formed from protein metabolism.

Blood tests offer insights into these chemicals' concentrations, helping detect potential imbalances or disorders. For instance, high glucose levels may indicate diabetes, while low albumin could suggest liver or kidney issues.

urine analysis

Urine analysis, or urinalysis, is another informative diagnostic tool used to evaluate health. It can identify a variety of substances that indicate bodily conditions. Urine typically contains waste products and excess substances that the body needs to eliminate.

We look for particular components during a urine analysis:

• Chloride: Regularly present, reflecting the body's electrolyte management.
• Phosphate: Usually found in small amounts, related to the body's excretion of metabolic byproducts.
• Urea: A standard component, as it's a primary waste product of protein breakdown.

However, some substances like

• Albumin: If present, can indicate kidney damage.
• Glucose: When found, could be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes.

The absence or presence of these elements helps in diagnosing various health issues, emphasizing the crucial role of urine analysis in medical examinations.

biochemistry

Biochemistry revolves around studying chemical processes within living organisms. A major part of biochemistry is understanding how our body produces, converts, and uses different biomolecules. This field helps elucidate how different chemicals in the body interact and maintain life.

In the context of human body fluids:

• Enzymes play crucial roles in regulating the chemical reactions that produce various metabolites.
• Key pathways are employed to ensure the conversion and transport of molecules like glucose for energy.
• Ions like chloride participate in signaling pathways and help maintain electrical neutrality.

Biochemists also study how disorders, such as diabetes, arise from imbalances in these chemical pathways. For instance, unregulated glucose metabolism leads to high blood glucose levels, detectable through blood analysis. Such insights derived from biochemistry enhance our ability to diagnose, treat, and manage health problems effectively.