Question

How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? (A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. (B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. (C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. (D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. (E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

Short answer

The correct answer is (D).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Argument

The argument begins with the current issue that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all commercial plane crashes. To address this, airlines have increased classroom instruction and emphasized communication skills but argue these measures won't be enough to make up for a lack of actual flying time.

Evaluating Why Increased Flying Time is Suggested

The argument concludes that airlines need to rethink their approach by suggesting a change in pilot training. The unstated assumption is the belief that increasing actual flying time will reduce pilot error, thus decreasing crashes.

Identifying the Assumption

To find the assumption, we need to identify the choice that states the assumed link between increasing flying time and reducing errors, which leads to fewer crashes.

Analyzing the Answer Choices

(A) implies errors can be eliminated, not a necessary assumption. (B) suggests continuous training, not directly relevant. (C) states a direct connection between increased flying time and decreased crashes, closely aligns with the argument's assumption. (D) suggests lack of actual flying time contributes to errors, directly supports the argument's assumption. (E) dismisses communication skills' importance, irrelevant to the main point.

Selecting the Correct Answer

Since the argument hinges on the idea that the lack of actual flying time is significant in causing errors, (D) suggests that increasing flying time might decrease errors and crashes, making it the necessary assumption.

Key concepts

Critical Thinking in Logical Reasoning

Critical thinking is a fundamental skill required to ace LSAT Logical Reasoning sections. It involves analyzing an argument meticulously and evaluating the evidence to formulate a reasoned judgment. To bolster critical thinking:

• Identify the main conclusion of the argument.
• Evaluate the evidence presented for and against the conclusion.
• Discern if there are any gaps or missing links in the argument that need to be addressed.
• Question any implicit assumptions that might not be immediately apparent.

This exercise demonstrates critical thinking by requiring a deeper analysis to uncover underlying assumptions about pilot training and its relation to commercial aviation safety.

Understanding Assumptions in Arguments

Identifying assumptions is crucial in logical reasoning. Assumptions are the unseen glue that holds an argument together. They are unstated premises that an argument relies on, without which the conclusion would be weakened.

For example, in the given exercise, the assumption lies in believing that increasing actual flying time will indeed mitigate pilot errors and, consequently, air crashes. Recognizing this assumption helps clarify why the suggested changes in pilot training are thought necessary.
To spot assumptions:

• Consider what must be true for the argument to stand.
• Think about alternative explanations that could make the conclusion invalid.
• Reflect on what the argument takes for granted without saying it outright.

Argument Analysis and Evaluation

Argument analysis involves breaking down an argument into its fundamental components to understand how each part fits together.

In this exercise:

• The problem is identified: Pilot error contributes significantly to commercial plane crashes.
• The response: Airlines are improving training with more classroom time and communication skill emphasis.
• The critique: The argument posits that these measures are insufficient without increasing actual flying time.
• The conclusion: Airlines should reconsider their training approach.

Effective argument analysis helps you recognize not only the flow of reasoning but also pin down the validity of the supporting evidence and the structure of the argument.

The Role of Pilot Training in Aviation Safety

Pilot training is a critical aspect of ensuring safety in commercial aviation. Effective training programs are designed to equip pilots not just with technical flying skills but also with decision-making and communication skills.
Modern training approaches often include:

• Simulation-based training for real-life scenarios.
• Up-to-date classroom instruction to keep abreast of new technologies and procedures.
• Situational awareness and teamwork exercises focusing on crew resource management.

In the argument presented, actual flying time is highlighted as an area needing emphasis, suggesting its importance in reducing errors. This reflects a broad understanding of training beyond traditional classroom settings, incorporating practical exposure to build competence and safety.

Ensuring Commercial Aviation Safety

Commercial aviation safety is paramount, with pilot training being a pivotal component in minimizing risks. It comprises a multi-faceted approach:

• Rigorous regulatory standards to maintain aircraft and operations.
• Comprehensive training to ensure pilots are well-prepared for various scenarios.
• Constant advancements in safety technology.

Ongoing research and adaptation in safety practices are vital, given that human errors, such as pilot errors, significantly contribute to the majority of incidents. The exercise underscores the importance of not just technical skills but also time spent in actual flight situations to effectively mitigate these risks, a call for training reforms to enhance safety outcomes in commercial aviation.