Question

Match each set of hybrid orbitals from LIST-I with complex(es) given in LIST- II. LIST-I LIST-II P. \(\mathrm{dsp}^{2}\) 1\. \(\left[\mathrm{FeF}_{6}\right]^{4-}\) Q. \(\mathrm{sp}^{3}\) 2\. \(\left[\mathrm{Ti}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{3} \mathrm{Cl}_{3}\right]\) R. \(\mathrm{sp}^{3} \mathrm{~d}^{2}\) 3\. \(\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{6}\right]^{3+}\) S. \(\mathrm{d}^{2} \mathrm{sp}^{3}\) 4\. \(\left[\mathrm{FeCl}_{4}\right]^{2-}\) 5\. \(\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{CO})_{4}\) 6\. \(\left[\mathrm{Ni}(\mathrm{CN})_{4}\right]^{2-}\)

Short answer

P-6, Q-3&5, R-2, S-1&4

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Central Atom and Oxidation State

For each complex, identify the central atom and determine its oxidation state. This is required to know the number of d electrons present in the central metal ion after bonding.

Determine the Electronic Configuration of the Central Atom

Using the periodic table, determine the ground state electronic configuration of the central atom in its free ion state (after considering the oxidation state).

Predict The Geometry

Based on the number of ligands and electronic configuration, predict the geometry of the complex which helps to infer the type of hybridization.

Match Hybrid Orbitals with Geometry

Use the predicted geometry to match the type of hybridization from the list with each complex. For example, a square planar complex typically has \(dsp^2\) hybridization.

Provide the Matching

After determining the hybrid orbitals for all complexes, match them with the corresponding complexes from List-II.

Key concepts

Central Atom And Oxidation State

Understanding the central atom and its oxidation state is a starting point when analyzing coordination compounds. The central atom, usually a metal ion, is the core of the complex, around which other atoms or groups of atoms, called ligands, are arranged.

The oxidation state of the central atom indicates the number of electrons it has lost or gained during the coordination process. This is critical because it directly influences the metal ion's electronic configuration and, consequently, the bonding characteristics and geometry of the complex.

• Determine the charge of the complex as a whole.
• Identify the known charges of the ligands surrounding the central atom.
• By balancing these charges, you can deduce the oxidation state of the central metal.

Electronic Configuration Of Central Atom

Once the oxidation state is established, it can be used to determine the electronic configuration of the central atom. The configuration provides insight into the number of electrons occupying the atom's orbitals, particularly the d orbitals, which are actively involved in bonding with the ligands in coordination compounds.

For instance, if we have a metal ion with a +2 oxidation state and its ground state electronic configuration ends with a d5 arrangement, in the ion form it would have three d electrons. This information is fundamental when predicting the type of hybridization and the geometry of the complex.

Considerations for Configuration:

• Refer to the periodic table for the ground state electronic configuration of the central atom.
• Adjust this configuration according to the oxidation state (i.e., removing electrons for positive oxidation states).

Geometry And Hybridization Of Complexes

The geometry of the complex is shaped by the spatial arrangement of the ligands around the central atom. It hinges profoundly on the electronic configuration and the number of ligands present, which can be deduced from the complex's formula.

Common geometrics include linear, tetrahedral, square planar, and octahedral. Each geometry corresponds to a specific type of hybridization of the central atom's orbitals. For example, in a tetrahedral complex, the central atom typically undergoes sp3 hybridization, meaning one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to accommodate bonding with four ligands.

Key Points in Determining Geometry:

• Analyze the number of ligand attachments points (coordination number).
• Consider the electronic repulsions between the electrons in the hybridized orbitals.
• Use VSEPR theory or crystal field theory as a guide to predict the shape of the complex.

Matching Hybrid Orbitals With Molecular Geometry

The final step in examining a coordination compound is to link the type of hybridized orbitals with the compound's molecular geometry. Certain hybridizations are characteristic of particular geometrical arrangements. For example, dsp2 hybridization, which includes one d orbital, one s orbital, and two p orbitals, is often associated with square planar geometries.

By knowing the type of ligands and the geometry they form around the central atom, we can deduce the hybridization required for that arrangement. This is an integral part of predicting and understanding the properties and reactivity of the complex.

Practical Matching Process:

• Confirm the hybrid orbital types appropriate for the coordination number and geometry.
• Match these hybridizations with the specific complexes listed.
• It's crucial to note that some complexes may show exceptions to general trends due to special bonding circumstances or ligand effects.