Question

If inflation rises unexpectedly by \(5 \%,\) would a state government that had recently borrowed money to pay for a new highway benefit or lose?

Short answer

In conclusion, a state government that had recently borrowed money for a new highway project would benefit from an unexpected rise in inflation by \(5\%\), as the real value of their loan repayment decreases, leading to cost savings for the government.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the concept of inflation

Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, subsequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly. An unexpected rise in inflation devalues the currency, leading to an increase in prices for goods and services.

Recognize the effect of inflation on borrowing

When a government or individual borrows money, they are obliged to pay back the principal amount (the amount initially borrowed) along with interest. The real value of the money being paid back decreases when there is inflation, meaning the borrower effectively pays back less in real terms.

Identify the relationship between an unexpected rise in inflation and state government

If an unexpected inflation rise of 5% occurs, it implies that the state government's borrowing costs will decrease as the value of currency falls. As a result, the real value of the loan repayment, which includes both principal and interest, is now less than what it would have been without the sudden inflation rise.

Determine the impact on state government as a borrower

Since the state government had recently borrowed money to pay for a new highway, an unexpected inflation rise will benefit the government in terms of loan repayment. The real amount that the state government is paying back would be lower due to inflation, allowing them to allocate saved resources to other projects or expenditures. In conclusion, a state government that had recently borrowed money for a new highway project would benefit from an unexpected rise in inflation by 5%, as the real value of their loan repayment decreases, leading to cost savings for the government.