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When residents in a neighborhood tidy it and keep it neat, there are a number of positive spillovers: higher property values, less crime, happier residents. What types of government policies can encourage neighborhoods to clean up?

Short Answer

Expert verified

The government might encourage the neighborhoods by making direct payments or lowering taxes.

Step by step solution

01

Content Introduction

Positive externalities are positive spill overs to third parties that did not purchase the item or service that supplied the externalities.

02

Content Explanation

The government can encourage people to clean up their communities by launching programmed that provide direct financing for the effort or tax breaks for those who actively participate in the clean-up effort. The government can also encourage local businesses to form a group that will pay for and manage neighborhood clean-up efforts.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Becky and Sarah are sisters who share a room. Their room can easily get messy, and their parents are always telling them to tidy it. Here are the costs and benefits to both Becky and Sarah, of taking the time to clean their room: If both Becky and Sarah clean, they each spends two hours and get a clean room. If Becky decides not to clean and Sarah does all the cleaning, then Sarah spends 10 hours cleaning (Becky spends 0) but Sarah is exhausted. The same would occur for Becky if Sarah decided not to cleanโ€”Becky spends 10 hours and becomes exhausted. If both girls decide not to clean, they both have a dirty room.

a. What is the best outcome for Becky and Sarah? What is the worst outcome? (It would help you to construct a prisonerโ€™s dilemma table.)

b. Unfortunately, we know that the optimal outcome will most likely not happen, and that the sisters probably will choose the worst one instead. Explain what it is about Beckyโ€™s and Sarahโ€™s reasoning that will lead them both to choose the worst outcome.

HighFlyer Airlines wants to build new airplanes with greatly increased cabin space. This will allow HighFlyer Airlines to give passengers more comfort and sell more tickets at a higher price. However, redesigning the cabin means rethinking many other elements of the airplane as well, like engine and luggage placement, and the most efficient shape of the plane for moving through the air. HighFlyer Airlines has developed a list of possible methods to increase cabin space, along with estimates of how these approaches would affect the plane's operating costs and ticket sales. Based on these estimates, Table 13.5 shows the value of R&D projects that provide at least a certain private rate of return. Column 1 = Private Rate of Return. Column 2 = Value of R&D Projects that Return at Least the Private Rate of Return to HighFlyer Airlines. Use the data to answer the following questions.

Private rate of returnValue of R&D
12%\(100
10%\)200
8%\(300
6%\)400
4%$500

a. If the opportunity cost of financial capital for HighFlyer Airlines is 6%, how much should the firm invest in R&D?

b. Assume that the social rate of return for R&D is an additional 2% on top of the private return; that is, an R&D investment that had a 7% private return to HighFlyer Airlines would have a 9% social return. How much investment is socially optimal at the 6% interest rate?

What are the two key characteristics of public goods?

Education provides both private benefits to those who receive it and broader social benefits for the economy as a whole. Think about the types of policies a government can follow to address the issue of positive spillovers in technology and then suggest a parallel set of policies that governments could follow for addressing positive externalities in education.

The Gizmo Company is planning to develop new household gadgets. Table 13.4 shows the companyโ€™s demand for financial capital for research and development of these gadgets, based on expected rates of return from sales. Now, say that every investment would have an additional 5% social benefitโ€”that is, an investment that pays at least a 6% return to the Gizmo Company will pay at least an 11% return for society as a whole; an investment that pays at least 7% for the Gizmo Company will pay at least 12% for society as a whole, and so on. Answer the questions that follow based on this information.

Estimated rate of returnPrivate profits of the firm from an R&D project (in \( millions)
10%\)100
9%\(102
8%\)108
7%\(118
6%\)133
5%\(153
4%\)183
3%$223

a. If the going interest rate is 9%, how much will Gizmo invest in R&D if it receives only the private benefits of this investment?

b. Assume that the interest rate is still 9%. How much will the firm invest if it also receives the social benefits of its investment? (Add an additional 5% return on all levels of investment.)

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