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Chapter 12: Q.5 (page 293)

Consider two approaches to reducing emissions of CO2 into the environment from manufacturing industries in the United States. In the first approach, the U.S. government makes it a policy to use only predetermined technologies. In the second approach, the U.S. government determines which technologies are cleaner and subsidizes their use. Of the two approaches, which is the command-and-control policy?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Whenever industries and manufacturers do not comply, they will be banned and forced to leave the industry. The market incentive plan is another technique to establishing a determined technology that has to be cleaner and funded to be employed.

Step by step solution

01

Command-and-control policy :

The enforced environmental policy is directed by command-and-control policy. It depicts a certain form of regulation.

02

Explanation :

The command-and-control strategy is an example of how to create a unified technology that is predetermined and applied. If industries and manufacturers do not comply, they will be banned and forced to leave the industry. The market incentive plan is another technique to establishing a determined technology that has to be cleaner and funded to be employed.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A city currently emits 16million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.

a. Using the information in Table 12.13calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city.

b. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?

What are the three problems that economists have noted with regard to command-and-control regulation?

A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals

to clear some of Sherwood’s forest and grow corn, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection.

a. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis.

b. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell?

c. Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell?

d. In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why?

e. In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why?

f. If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control

environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?

Four firms called Elm, Maple, Oak, and Cherry, produce wooden chairs. However, they also produce a great deal of garbage (a mixture of glue, varnish, sandpaper, and wood scraps). The first row of Table 12.6shows the total amount of garbage (in tons) that each firm currently produces. The other rows of the table show the cost of reducing garbage produced by the first five tons, the second five tons, and so on. First, calculate the cost of requiring each firm to reduce the weight of its garbage by one-fourth. Now, imagine that the government issues marketable permits for the current level of garbage, but the permits will shrink the weight of allowable garbage for each firm by one-fourth.

What will be the result of this alternative approach to reducing pollution?


Elm
Maple
Oak
Cherry
Current production of garbage (in tons)
20406080
Cost of reducing garbage by first five tons
\(5,500
\)6,300
\(7,200
\)3,000
Cost of reducing garbage by second five tons
\(6,000
\)7,200
\(7,500
\)4,000
Cost of reducing garbage by third five tons
\(6,500
\)8,100
\(7,800
\)5,000
Cost of reducing garbage by third five tons
\(7,000
\)9,000
\(8,100
\)6,000
Cost of reducing garbage by fifth five tons
\(0
\)9,900
\(8,400
\)7,000

Identify the following situations as an example of a negative or a positive externality:

a. You are a birder (bird watcher), and your neighbor has put up several birdhouses in the yard as well as planting trees and flowers that attract birds.

b. Your neighbor paints his house a hideous color.

c. Investments in private education raise your country’s standard of living.

d. Trash dumped upstream flows downstream right past your home.

e. Your roommate is a smoker, but you are a nonsmoker.
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