Question

Efficiency losses _______________

1. are not possible if suppliers are willing to produce and sell a product.
2. can result only from underproduction.
3. can result only from overproduction.
4. none of the above

Short answer

Option (d): none of the above

Step-by-step solution

Step 1. Meaning of efficiency loss

Efficiency loss occurs when an optimal level of good or service is not produced. The optimal level is the equilibrium level when the demand and supply curves, including external benefits and cost for positive and negative externality cases, are equal. Any point other than this level leads to efficiency loss.

Step 2. Explanation for the answer 

Efficiency losses are possible even if the suppliers are willing to produce and sell a product. The supplier can supply a good above or below the equilibrium level, which can result in inefficiency.

The diagram below shows the optimal level of output:

You can see the following points:

• Underproduction happens when the output produced is below the optimal level of output Q* (value to buyers > cost to sellers).
• Overproduction happens when the output produced is above the Q* level (cost to sellers > value to buyers).

At these points, the output is not produced by all the producers who have minimum costs and not consumed by all the buyers who value the good higher than the cost.

Efficiency losses can occur due to both underproduction and overproduction and not just one of the mentioned.