Question

What is encapsulation?

Short answer

Answer: The two key components of encapsulation are data hiding and methods. Data hiding is the process of protecting an object's data from direct access or modification by using access modifiers such as private, protected, or public. Methods are functions that provide the behavior of an object and allow access or modification of the data within a class while ensuring data consistency and validity. These components help to organize code by keeping related data and behavior together and protect data from being accessed or modified outside the class.

Step-by-step solution

Define Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) where an object's state (data) and behavior (methods) are wrapped or "encapsulated" within a single unit, usually a class. This helps in organizing code, keep related data and behavior together, and protect the data from being accessed or modified outside the class.

Identify Key Components

There are two key components to encapsulation: data hiding and methods. 1. Data hiding: It is the process of hiding or protecting an object's data from direct access or modification. This is achieved by using access modifiers such as private, protected, or public. By using these access modifiers, we can control the visibility of an object's data and methods outside the class. 2. Methods: These are the functions that provide the behavior of an object. Methods allow us to access or modify the data within a class, ensuring that the data remains consistent and valid.

Provide an Example

Let's use an example to understand encapsulation better. Consider a class called "BankAccount" which represents a bank account of a customer. ```python class BankAccount: def __init__(self, account_number, balance): self.__account_number = account_number # private attribute self.__balance = balance # private attribute def deposit(self, amount): self.__balance += amount # modifying the private balance attribute def withdraw(self, amount): if amount <= self.__balance: self.__balance -= amount # modifying the private balance attribute else: print("Insufficient balance!") def get_balance(self): return self.__balance # accessing the private balance attribute ``` Here, we have encapsulated the data (account number and balance) and the behavior (deposit, withdraw, and get_balance methods) within the BankAccount class. The account number and balance are private attributes, which means they cannot be accessed or modified outside the class. Instead, we have provided methods (functions) to interact with the data, ensuring that the bank account information remains consistent and protected.