Question

What is encapsulation?

Short answer

Answer: Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that refers to the bundling of data and the methods that operate on that data within a single unit called a class. It hides the internal implementation details, making the code easier to understand, maintain, and modify. Encapsulation offers several benefits, such as improved modularity, control over data access, and enhanced maintainability. In Python, encapsulation can be implemented using classes, with private attributes and public getter and setter methods.

Step-by-step solution

Introduction to Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that refers to the bundling of data, along with the methods (functions) that operate on that data, within a single programming unit called a class. By doing so, the internal implementation details are hidden from other components of the program, making it easier to understand, maintain, and modify the code.

Importance of Encapsulation

Encapsulation offers the following benefits: 1. Improved modularity: Code is organized into separate units with their own state and behavior, making it easier to understand and manage. 2. Control over data access: By restricting access to the class's data members, we can prevent unauthorized modifications or unintended interactions with the data. 3. Enhanced maintainability: Encapsulation allows us to easily change the internal implementation without affecting other parts of the program.

Implementing Encapsulation in Python

In Python, we can implement encapsulation using classes. Let's consider a simple example of a `Car` class: ```python class Car: def __init__(self, make, model, year): self._make = make self._model = model self._year = year def get_make(self): return self._make def set_make(self, make): self._make = make def get_model(self): return self._model def set_model(self, model): self._model = model def get_year(self): return self._year def set_year(self, year): self._year = year ``` In this example, the attributes `_make`, `_model`, and `_year` are marked as private using a single underscore, which is a convention in Python to indicate that these variables should not be accessed directly. Instead, we provide public getter and setter methods to access and modify these attributes, effectively encapsulating the data members within the class.