Question

Declare a structure named Tempscale, with the following members: fahrenheit: a double celsius: a double Next, declare a structure named Reading, with the following members: windspeed: an int humidity: a double temperature: a rempscale structure variable Next, define a Reading structure variable named today. Now write statements that will store the following data in the Reading variable. Wind speed: \(37 \mathrm{mph}\) Humidity: \(32 \%\) Fahrenheit temperature: 32 degrees Celsius temperature: 0 degrees

Short answer

Based on the step by step solution provided above, the short answer could be: Create two structures, Tempscale and Reading, with appropriate member types as mentioned in the question. Tempscale has two members: fahrenheit and celsius, both of which are doubles. Reading has three members: windspeed (an int), humidity (a double), and temperature (a Tempscale structure). Declare a variable of the Reading structure type named 'today' and store the provided data to its members. The final code snippet appears as follows: ```cpp struct Tempscale { double fahrenheit; double celsius; }; struct Reading { int windspeed; double humidity; Tempscale temperature; }; Reading today; today.windspeed = 37; today.humidity = 32.0; today.temperature.fahrenheit = 32.0; today.temperature.celsius = 0.0; ``` The Reading structure variable 'today' now has the given values assigned to its members.

Step-by-step solution

Declare Tempscale structure

Declare a structure named Tempscale with the following members: fahrenheit (a double) and celsius (a double). ```cpp struct Tempscale { double fahrenheit; double celsius; }; ```

Declare Reading structure

Declare a structure named Reading with the following members: windspeed (an int), humidity (a double), and temperature (a Tempscale structure). ```cpp struct Reading { int windspeed; double humidity; Tempscale temperature; }; ```

Define the Reading structure variable named today

Define the Reading structure variable named today. ```cpp Reading today; ```

Store the given data in the Reading variable

Write statements that will store the following data in the Reading variable: - Wind speed: 37 mph - Humidity: 32% - Fahrenheit temperature: 32 degrees - Celsius temperature: 0 degrees ```cpp today.windspeed = 37; today.humidity = 32.0; today.temperature.fahrenheit = 32.0; today.temperature.celsius = 0.0; ``` Now, the Reading structure variable 'today' has the given values assigned to its members.

Key concepts

Temperature Conversion

Temperature conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius is a common task when dealing with weather data. Each scale measures temperature but uses different baselines and increments. This means you can convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa using specific formulas.

For converting Fahrenheit to Celsius, the formula is:

• \( C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32) \)

Here, \( C \) represents Celsius, and \( F \) represents Fahrenheit. This formula subtracts 32 from the Fahrenheit value and then scales it by multiplying by \( \frac{5}{9} \).

Converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit is just as simple. The formula used is:

• \( F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32 \)

This equation involves multiplying the Celsius temperature by \( \frac{9}{5} \) and then adding 32.

Understanding these conversions is crucial when programming temperature-related tasks in C++, as it allows the programmer to manipulate data based on user requirements.

Data Structures

Data structures in C++ are used to organize and store data efficiently. In this exercise, you learned to create custom data structures using `struct`. A `structure` in C++ allows you to group variables of different data types under one name, making complex data manipulation simpler.

For instance, consider the structure `Tempscale`:

• It includes two double data members: `fahrenheit` and `celsius`.

Next, there's another structure, `Reading`, that utilizes `Tempscale` as a member:

• This new structure includes `windspeed` as an integer and `humidity` as a double, alongside `temperature`, which is a `Tempscale` structure.

This kind of composition is powerful in C++ because it allows for the creation of complex data models by nesting structures, enhancing the ability to manage related data effectively.

Variable Initialization

Initialization of variables is crucial in programming as it sets the starting value for a variable. In C++, variables can be initialized immediately upon creation, which ensures they hold a predefined value, preventing potential errors from uninitialized memory.

In the exercise, after declaring the `Reading` structure variable `today`, it is important to set its members to initial values using assignment statements:

• `today.windspeed = 37;`
• `today.humidity = 32.0;`
• `today.temperature.fahrenheit = 32.0;`
• `today.temperature.celsius = 0.0;`

By initializing `today`'s members this way, you can prevent undefined behavior, which can occur if you attempt to use variables that haven’t been given a known value. Always remember to initialize your variables as soon as possible to ensure accuracy and reliability in your programs.