Chapter 12: 2CSQ (page 776)
What is the first step in restoration?
The method of restoration is discussed.
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Repeat Problem 12.14 if LFC is employed in area 2 alone. The area 2 frequency bias coefficient is set at . Assume that LFC in area 1 is inoperative due to a computer failure.
The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system of a generator is represented by the simplified block diagram shown in Figure 12.15, in which the sensor is modelled by a simple first-order transfer function. The voltage is sensed through a voltage transformer and then rectified through a bridge rectifier. Parameters of the AVR system are given as follows.
(a) Determine the open-loop transfer function of the block diagram and the closed-loop transfer function relating the generator terminal voltage to the reference voltage . (b) For the range of from to, comment on the stability of the system. (c) For , evaluate the steady-state step response and steady-state error.
As a result of the August 14, 2003 blackout in North America, what major electrical islands were formed?
Each unit in Problem 12.5 is initially operating at one-half its own rating when the load suddenly increases by . Determine (a) the steady state decrease in area frequency, and (b) the MW increase in mechanical power output of each turbine. Assume that the reference power setting of each turbine-generator remains constant. Neglect losses and the dependence of load on frequency.
What lessons were learned from this blackout?
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