Chapter 14: Q3CSQ (page 918)
What are the challenges associated with large penetrations of DERs in distribution systems?
Therefore, the location, type of technology and feeder response characteristics are the challenges associated with large penetrations of DERs in distribution systems.
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Question: Assume that a utility’s system consists of two feeders: feeder serving customers and feeder serving customers. Annual outage data during is given in Table 14.6 and 14.10 for these feeders. Calculate the SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, and ASAI for the system, excluding the major event.
Do DER installations reduce distribution losses? If so, why?
What is the most common primary distribution voltage class in the United States?
Question: As shown in Figure 14.24, an urban distribution substation has one 30-MVA (FOA) and three 33.3 MVA (FOA), 138 kVD/12.5 kV Y transformers denoted TR1-TR4, which feed through circuit breakers to a ring bus. The transformers are older transformers designed for 55°C temperature rise.
The ring bus contains eight bus-tie circuit breakers, two of which are normally open (NO), so as to separate the ring bus into two sections. TR1 and TR2 feed one section, and TR3 and TR4 feed the other section. Also, four capacitor banks, three banks rated at 6 Mvar and one at 9 Mvar, are connected to the ring bus. Twenty-four 12.5-kV underground primary feeders are served from the substation, 12 from each section. The utility that owns this substation has the following transformer summer loading criteria based on a percentage of nameplate rating:
a. 120% for normal summer loading.
b. 150% during a two-hour emergency.
c. 130% 30-day emergency loading.
Determine the following summer ratings of this substation: (a) the normal summer rating with all four transformers in service; (b) the allowable substation rating assuming the single-contingency loss of one transformer; and (c) the 30-day emergency rating under the single-contingency loss of one transformer. Assume that during a two-hour emergency, switching can be performed to reduce the total substation load by 10% and to approximately balance the loadings of the three transformers remaining in service. Assume a 5% reduction for unequal transformer loadings.
(a) How many Mvars of shunt capacitors are required to increase the power factor on a 10 MVA load from 0.85 to 0.9 lagging? (b) How manyMvars of shunt capacitors are required to increase the power factor on a 10 MVA load from 0.90 to 0.95 lagging? (c) Which requires more reactive power, improving a low power-factor load or a high power-factor load?
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