Question

Which of the following is true? a. Java \(2 \mathrm{D}\) 's affine transform works on bitmap image b. Java 2D's affine transform works on vector graphics c. Affine transformations allow rotation and scaling and image filtering operations on images d. All of the above

Short answer

d. All of the above

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Affine Transform

Affine transforms are used in computer graphics to perform linear mapping from one coordinate space to another. They are capable of performing translation, scaling, rotation, and shearing operations.

Examine Option a

Option a states that Java 2D's affine transform works on bitmap images. Yes, it's true that affine transforms can be applied to bitmap images, as these operations affect the pixels of the image.

Examine Option b

Option b states that Java 2D's affine transform works on vector graphics. This is also true because affine transforms can map vector graphics by applying transformations to geometric shapes and lines.

Examine Option c

Option c states that affine transformations allow rotation and scaling and image filtering operations on images. This is also correct because affine transformations can perform rotation, scaling, and other linear operations.

Conclude

Since all options a, b, and c are true, the correct answer is option d. All of the above.

Key concepts

Bitmap Images

Bitmap images, also known as raster images, are composed of a grid of individual pixels, each of which has its own color value. These images are commonly used for detailed and rich images such as photographs. Because they are made up of pixels, bitmap images can lose quality when scaled up too much, resulting in a pixelated look. In Java 2D, affine transformations like rotation, scaling, and translation can be applied to bitmap images by affecting the pixel array directly. This alters the visual representation of the image without changing its underlying structure.

Vector Graphics

Vector graphics are based on mathematical equations describing shapes, lines, and color gradients. Unlike bitmap images, vector graphics do not lose quality when scaled, making them ideal for logos, illustrations, and graphic designs. In Java 2D, affine transformations work efficiently on vector graphics by directly manipulating the shape’s coordinates. This allows for smooth transformations like rotation, scaling, and translation without any loss of resolution. Because vector graphics are resolution-independent, they're perfect for illustrations that require frequent transformations.

Rotation and Scaling

Rotation and scaling are two fundamental operations in affine transformations.

• **Rotation**: This involves rotating an image or vector graphic around a specific point, often the center. The rotation is defined by an angle, usually in degrees or radians. Rotations help in creating effects such as turning or flipping objects.


• **Scaling**: Scaling changes the size of an image or graphic, either enlarging or reducing its dimensions. Scaling can be uniform (same factor in all directions) or non-uniform (different factors for width and height). This is commonly used when resizing images or graphics.

Java 2D supports both these operations using affine transformations, allowing developers to create dynamic and interactive graphics applications.