Question

Write statements that perform the following one-dimensional-array operations: a) Set the 10 elements of integer array counts to zero. b) Add one to each of the 15 elements of integer array bonus. c) Display the five values of integer array bestscores in column format.

Short answer

a) Use a for loop to set each element of 'counts' to zero. b) Use a for loop to increment each element of 'bonus' by 1. c) Use a for loop to print each element of 'bestscores' on a new line.

Step-by-step solution

Initialize Array 'counts' to Zero

To set the 10 elements of the integer array 'counts' to zero, we can use a loop that iterates through each element of the array and assigns the value zero to it. In C++, this would typically be done using a for loop, iterating from 0 to 9 (array indices start at 0 and end at array size - 1), and using the array index to set the value.

Increment Elements of Array 'bonus'

To add one to each element of the 15-element integer array 'bonus', we can similarly use a for loop. This time, we iterate from 0 to 14 and increment the value of each element by 1. The increment operation can be done by using the '++' operator.

Display Array 'bestscores'

To display the values of the integer array 'bestscores' in a column format, a for loop can be used to go through each of the 5 elements, and print them on a separate line. This can be done in any language with a looping construct and a print or output function. In C++, you’d use 'std::cout' for console output, and you can ensure each value appears on a new line by using the newline character ''.

Key concepts

Array Initialization

Array initialization is the process of assigning values to an array when it is declared. The goal is to provide the array with a default set of values before we start using it. In the exercise, setting the 10 elements of the array 'counts' to zero initializes each slot in the array with a starting value. To do this in code, a common technique is to use a loop that goes over each index and sets the value to zero. For example, in C++:

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {    counts[i] = 0;}

This method ensures that all elements of 'counts' start at the same value, which is crucial when performing calculations or operations on the array later on. Initializing arrays at declaration is also possible using specific syntax, depending on the programming language.

Looping through Arrays

Looping through arrays allows you to access each element in the array sequentially. For each step in our sample exercise, we used a form of a loop. When you loop through an array, you commonly use a for loop and an index to keep track of your position within the array. The index starts at 0 because arrays are zero-indexed, meaning the count starts from zero, not one. Here’s how you generally use a 'for' loop to access array elements:

for(int i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) {    // Operations on array[i]}

This structure is vital for performing any operation that needs to touch each element of the array, such as reading the values, updating them, or performing calculations. Properly understanding and using loops is crucial in programming with arrays.

Array Incrementation

Array incrementation refers to increasing the value of each element in an array. This operation is commonly performed with loops. In our exercise, to add one to each element of the 'bonus' array, we use a loop to visit each index and increment its value. Here's a practical example using the '++' operator within a loop:

for(int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {    bonus[i]++;}

This code increases the current value of each array element by one. It is essential for tasks like counting, scoring, or tracking cumulative quantities. Incrementation can also be done using compound assignment operators (e.g., '+=') for cases where the increment value is greater than one.

Displaying Array Values

To present the information stored in an array, you must display its values. The exercise asked us to display the 'bestscores' array in column format, which is done by iterating over the array and outputting each value followed by a newline character. Here’s how this might be achieved in C++:

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {    std::cout << bestscores[i] << '';}

The newline '' ensures each value appears on a new line, creating the column effect. Displaying array values is often one of the final steps of a program and provides a visual confirmation of what has been stored or calculated within the array.