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Chapter 14: Problem 1

Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements: a) Ultimately, all data items processed by a computer are reduced to combinations of ________ and _________ b) The smallest data item a computer can process is called a(n) ____________ c) \(A(n)\) ___________ can sometimes be viewed as a group of related records. d) Digits, letters and special symbols are referred to as _________ e) A database is a group of related ___________ f) Object _____________ normally enables a program to output error messages to the screen.

Short Answer

Expert verified
a) zeros and ones, b) bit, c) file, d) characters, e) files, f) cout.

Step by step solution

01

Identifying Binary Representation

Ultimately, all data items processed by a computer are reduced to combinations of zeros and ones. Computers use the binary system, which includes only the digits 0 and 1, to represent data and perform calculations.
02

Understanding Basic Data Units

The smallest data item a computer can process is called a bit. A bit is short for "binary digit" and represents a single binary value, either 0 or 1.
03

Recognizing Structured Data Types

A(n) file can sometimes be viewed as a group of related records. Files are collections of data, often organized in records, that are stored on a computer and can be accessed and edited.
04

Character Set Components

Digits, letters, and special symbols are referred to as characters. In computing, a character is any letter, number, space, punctuation mark, or symbol that can be digitally represented and manipulated.
05

Defining Database Components

A database is a group of related files. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data, organized in tables which consist of related files.
06

Error Output in Programming

Object cout normally enables a program to output error messages to the screen. In C++ programming, `cout` is used to display output, often for debugging purposes.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Binary Representation
In the world of computers, everything boils down to zeros and ones. This is known as binary representation. The binary system is the foundation of all computations, utilizing only two digits: 0 and 1.
Each digit is called a bit, short for "binary digit." Bits are essential as they form the basic data unit in digital systems.
  • Importance of Binary: Computers interpret these bits as on/off states, allowing them to perform complex calculations and operations using a simple framework.
  • Conversion: While humans tend to work in decimal (base 10), computers convert this into a binary (base 2) form, which is processed efficiently by computer hardware.
Binary representation is crucial because it simplifies the hardware design and improves computational efficiency.
Understanding how text, images, and even videos are represented in binary is fundamental to many computer science applications.
Data Processing
Data processing refers to the collection and manipulation of data to produce meaningful information. Computers perform data processing by interpreting and manipulating data elements like bits and bytes.
A byte, consisting of 8 bits, allows representation of 256 different data values, making it a common measure of data storage.
  • Steps: Basic data processing involves several stages, such as data collection, input, storage, processing, and output.
  • Applications: Data processing is pivotal in various fields, from statistical analysis to real-time data monitoring in digital systems.
Understanding the principles of data processing allows one to design systems and algorithms capable of transforming raw data into insightful and actionable information.
Database Concepts
Databases are structured collections of related data. They make data retrieval easy and efficient thanks to their organized nature. A database consists of files, each file made up of records related to a specific category.
  • Records: Each record is a collection of fields holding data about one entity, such as a person or order.
  • Files: Related records come together to form files, providing a structured way to group data for specific applications.
  • Tables: In many modern databases, files are organized as tables, allowing easy access and manipulation through query languages like SQL.
    • Effective database management is vital for handling vast amounts of data, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and easy retrieval.
    Programming Fundamentals
    Programming fundamentals form the cornerstone of software development. It involves writing instructions for computers to perform specific tasks. Key concepts include understanding programming languages, syntax, and logic.
  • Syntax: Each programming language has its grammar rules, which dictate how code should be written.
  • Control Structures: These are constructs that control the flow of execution, such as loops and conditionals.
  • Debugging: Part of programming involves identifying and fixing errors, a process made easier with tools like the `cout` object in C++ that outputs messages to help developers trace errors.
    • Grasping programming basics is crucial for creating efficient and error-free software applications. These fundamentals serve as a strong base for learning more advanced programming concepts.

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    Most popular questions from this chapter

    Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. If \(f a l\) se, explain why. a) The programmer must explicitly create the stream objects System. in, System. out and System .err. b) When reading data from a file using class Scanner, if the programmer wishes to read data in the file multiple times, the file must be closed and reopened to read from the beginning of the file. This moves the file-position pointer back to the beginning of the file. c) Method exists of class File returns true if the name specified as the argument to the File constructor is a file or directory in the specified path. d) Binary files are human readable. e) An absolute path contains all the directories, starting with the root directory, that lead to a specific file or directory. f) Class Formatter contains method printf, which enables formatted data to be output to the screen or to a file.

    Determine which of the following statements are true and which are false. If false, explain why. a) The impressive functions performed by computers essentially involve the manipulation of zeros and ones. b) People specify programs and data items as characters. Computers then manipulate and process these characters as groups of zeros and ones. c) Data items represented in computers form a data hierarchy in which data items become larger and more complex as we progress from fields to characters to bits and so on. d) A record key identifies a record as belonging to a particular field. companies store all their information in a single file to facilitate computer processing of the information. When a program creates a file, the file is retained by the computer for future reference.

    Complete the following tasks, assuming that each applies to the same program: a) Write a statement that opens file "oldmast.ser" for input-use objectInputstream variable in01dMaster to wrap a FileInputStream object. b) Write a statement that opens file "trans.ser" for input-use ObjectInputStream variable inTransaction to wrap a FileInputStream object. c) Write a statement that opens file "newmast.ser" for output (and creation)-use \(0 \mathrm{b}-\) ject0utputStream variable outNewMaster to wrap a File0utputStream. d) Write a statement that reads a record from the file "oldmast.ser". The record is an object of class AccountRecordSerializable- use ObjectInputStream variable in01dMaster. Assume class AccountRecordSerializable is the same as the AccountRecordSerializable class in Fig. 14.17 e) Write a statement that reads a record from the file "trans.ser". The record is an object of class TransactionRecord - use ObjectInputStream variable inTransaction. f) Write a statement that outputs a record to the file "newmast.ser". The record is an object of type AccountRecordSerializable-use Object0utputStream variable outNewMaster.

    Find the error in each block of code and show how to correct it. a) Assume that account, company and amount are declared. Object0utputStream outputStream; outputStream.writeInt( account ); outputStream.writeChars( company ); outputStream.writeDouble ( amount ); b) The following statements should read a record from the file "payables.txt". The Scanner variable inPayable should be used to refer to this file. Scanner inPayable = new Scanner( new File( "payables.txt" ) ); PayablesRecord record = ( PayablesRecord ) inPayable.readobject();

    (Telephone-Number Word Generator) Standard telephone keypads contain the digits zero through nine. The numbers two through nine each have three letters associated with them (Fig. 14.27 ). Many people find it difficult to memorize phone numbers, so they use the correspondence between digits and letters to develop seven-letter words that correspond to their phone numbers. For example, a person whose telephone number is \(686-2377\) might use the correspondence indicated in Fig. 14.27 to develop the seven-letter word "NUMBERS." Every seven-letter word corresponds to exactly one seven-digit telephone number. A restaurant wishing to increase its takeout business could surely do so with the number \(825-3688\) (i.e., "TAKEOUT"). Every seven-letter phone number corresponds to many different seven-letter words. Unfortunately, most of these words represent unrecognizable juxtapositions of letters. It is possible, however, that the owner of a barbershop would be pleased to know that the shop's telephone number, \(424-7288,\) corresponds to "HAIRCUT." The owner of a liquor store would, no doubt, be delighted to find that the store's number, \(233-7226,\) corresponds to "BEERCAN." A veterinarian with the phone number \(738-2273\) would be pleased to know that the number corresponds to the letters "PETCARE." An automotive dealership would be pleased to know that the dealership number, \(639-2277,\) corresponds to "NEWCARS." Write a program that, given a seven-digit number, uses a Printstream object to write to a file every possible seven-letter word combination corresponding to that number. There are \(2,187\left(3^{7}\right)\) such combinations. Avoid phone numbers with the digits 0 and 1
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