Problem 1
a. Write a Winograd schema and the challenge question. Also give the correct answer. (See the Special Interest Box "Victory in the Turing Test?" earlier in this chapter.) b. Now change one word in your sentence from Exercise 1 a so that the correct answer is different.
Problem 2
Suppose that in a formal logic, green \((x)\) means that \(x\) has the attribute of being green, \(\operatorname{frog}(x)\) means that \(x\) has the attribute of being a bullfrog, and \(J\) stands for the specific entity Jeremiah. Translate the following formal statements into English: a. \(\operatorname{frog}(J)\) b. \((\forall x)(\) frog \((x) \rightarrow \operatorname{green}(x))\)
Problem 3
Draw a semantic net that incorporates the knowledge contained in the following paragraph: If I had to describe what distinguishes a table from other pieces of furniture, I guess I would say it has to have four legs and a flat top. The legs, of course, hold up the top. Nancy's table is made of maple, but mine is bigger and is walnut.
Problem 6
Assign weights and threshold values in the following neural network so that the output neuron fires only when \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{3}\) have the value 1 and \(x_{2}\), has the value 0 . Remember that weights can be negative.
Problem 9
Ant colonies are an example from nature of swarm intelligence. Find two other examples of swarm intelligence seen in nature.
Problem 10
You are a knowledge engineer and have been assigned the task of developing a knowledge base for an expert system to advise on mortgage loan applications. What are some sample questions you would ask the loan manager at a bank?
Problem 11
We described both forward chaining and backward chaining as techniques used by inference engines in rule-based systems. In Section 11.2.2, we described how a parser might analyze a programming statement to produce a parse tree. Does the method described in Chapter 11 correspond more closely to forward chaining or to backward chaining? Explain.
Problem 12
A rule-based system for writing the screenplays for mystery movies contains the following assertions and rules: The hero is a spy. The heroine is an interpreter. If the hero is a spy, then one scene should take place in Berlin and one in Paris. If the heroine is an interpreter, then the heroine must speak English. If the heroine is an interpreter, then the heroine must speak Russian. If one scene should take place in Berlin, then there can be no car chase. If there can be no car chase, then there can be no crash scene. If one scene should take place in Berlin, then the hero is European. If one scene should take place in Paris, then the hero must speak French. an the following assertion be inferred? Explain. The hero must speak French and there can be no crash scene.
