Problem 34
What heuristic do you use when searching for a route between two cities on a large road map?
Problem 37
List two properties that a heuristic should have if it is to be useful in a production system.
Problem 38
Suppose you have two buckets. One has a capacity of exactly three liters; the other has a capacity of five liters. You can pour water from one bucket to another, empty a bucket, or fill a bucket at any time. Your problem is to place exactly four liters of water in the five-liter bucket. Describe how this problem could be framed as a production system.
Problem 39
Suppose your job is to supervise the loading of two trucks, each of which can carry, at most, fourteen tons. The cargo is a variety of crates whose total weight is twenty-eight tons but whose individual weights vary from crate to crate. The weight of each crate is marked on its side. What heuristic would you use for dividing the crates between the two trucks?
Problem 40
Which of the following are examples of meta-reasoning? a. He has been gone long so he must have gone far. b. Since I usually make the wrong decision and the last two decisions I made were correct, I will reverse my next decision. c. I am getting tired so I am probably not thinking clearly. d. I am getting tired so I think I will take a nap.
Problem 41
Describe how a human's ability to solve the frame problem helps the human find lost articles.
Problem 42
a. In what sense is learning by imitation similar to learning by supervised training? b. In what sense is learning by imitation different from learning by supervised training?
Problem 47
In contrast to the statement in the preceding problem, some birds, such as an ostrich or a robin with a broken wing, cannot fly. However, it would not seem reasonable to construct a deductive reasoning system in which all the exceptions to the statement "All birds can fly" are explicitly listed. How then do we as humans decide whether a particular bird can or cannot fly?
Problem 48
Explain how the meaning of the sentence "I read the new tax law" depends on the context.
Problem 49
Describe how the problem of traveling from one city to another could be framed as a production system. What are the states? What are the productions?
