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Calculate the bandwidth \(x\) delay product for the following links. Use one-way delay, measured from first bit sent to first bit received. (a) 10-Mbps Ethernet with a delay of \(10 \mu \mathrm{s}\). (b) 10-Mbps Ethernet with a single store-and-forward switch like that of Exercise \(18(\mathrm{a})\), packet size 5000 bits, and \(10 \mu\) ser link propagation delay. (c) \(1.5\)-Mbps T1 link, with a transcontinental one-way delay of \(50 \mathrm{~ms}\). (d) \(1.5-\mathrm{Mbps} \mathrm{T} 1\) link through a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, \(35,900 \mathrm{~km}\) high. The only delay is speed-of- light propagation delay.

Short Answer

Expert verified
100 bits, 200 bits, 75,000 bits, and 179,505 bits.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Bandwidth-Delay Product Formula

The bandwidth-delay product is calculated using the formula: \[ \text{Bandwidth-Delay Product} = \text{Bandwidth} \times \text{Delay} \] This gives the amount of data that can be in transit in the network.
02

Calculate Bandwidth-Delay Product for 10-Mbps Ethernet with a Delay of 10 μs

Here, \( \text{Bandwidth} = 10 \text{ Mbps} \) \( \text{Delay} = 10 \text{ μs} = 10 \times 10^{-6} \text{ s} \) Using the formula: \[ \text{Bandwidth-Delay Product} = 10 \times 10^6 \text{ bits/s} \times 10 \times 10^{-6} \text{ s} = 100 \text{ bits} \]
03

Calculate Bandwidth-Delay Product for 10-Mbps Ethernet with a Single Store-and-Forward Switch

Here, the total delay is the sum of the propagation delays for the two links. \( \text{Total Delay} = 10 \text{ μs} + 10 \text{ μs} = 20 \text{ μs} = 20 \times 10^{-6} \text{ s} \) \( \text{Bandwidth} = 10 \text{ Mbps} \)Using the formula: \[ \text{Bandwidth-Delay Product} = 10 \times 10^6 \text{ bits/s} \times 20 \times 10^{-6} \text{ s} = 200 \text{ bits} \]
04

Calculate Bandwidth-Delay Product for 1.5-Mbps T1 Link with Transcontinental One-Way Delay

Here, \( \text{Bandwidth} = 1.5 \text{ Mbps} \) \( \text{Delay} = 50 \text{ ms} = 50 \times 10^{-3} \text{ s} \) Using the formula: \[ \text{Bandwidth-Delay Product} = 1.5 \times 10^6 \text{ bits/s} \times 50 \times 10^{-3} \text{ s} = 75,000 \text{ bits} \]
05

Calculate Bandwidth-Delay Product for 1.5-Mbps T1 Link through a Satellite

\( \text{Delay} = 0.11967 \text{ s} \) \( \text{Bandwidth} = 1.5 \text{ Mbps} \) Using the formula: \[ \text{Bandwidth-Delay Product} = 1.5 \times 10^6 \text{ bits/s} \times 0.11967 \text{ s} = 179,505 \text{ bits} \]

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

network bandwidth
Network bandwidth is the rate at which data is transmitted over a network channel. We often measure it in bits per second (bps), such as Mbps (megabits per second) or Gbps (gigabits per second).
For example, a 10-Mbps Ethernet connection can transmit 10 million bits per second.
Network bandwidth is crucial because it determines the data transfer speed and affects network performance. Higher bandwidth means faster data transfer.
  • In practical terms, think of bandwidth as the width of a highway. The wider the highway, the more cars (data) can travel at once.
  • If you're streaming video, playing online games, or making video calls, ample bandwidth ensures a smooth experience without buffering or lag.
propagation delay
Propagation delay refers to the time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver over a network medium.
This delay is influenced by the speed of light, the distance between the sender and receiver, and the type of medium (e.g., fiber optic, copper cable).
For instance, the propagation delay in a 10-Mbps Ethernet with a delay of 10 μs means it takes 10 microseconds for the first bit to reach the destination.
  • It's like sending a message with a carrier pigeon over a certain distance; the further the distance, the longer it takes for the pigeon to deliver the message.
  • In satellite communications, the propagation delay is notably high due to the vast distance signals must travel to and from space.
store-and-forward switching
Store-and-forward switching is a method where a network switch receives the entire data packet before forwarding it to the next device.
This method ensures that error checking can be done—if there's an error, the packet is discarded.
In a 10-Mbps Ethernet with a switch and packet size of 5000 bits and 10 μs link propagation delay, the switch needs to add its delay to the transmission time.
Store-and-forward adds an extra step but increases reliability by minimizing the chances of corrupted packets spreading further.
  • Imagine a relay race where each runner waits to receive the baton fully before starting the next segment. This ensures smooth passing of data.
  • Although it adds delay, error checking makes it beneficial for networks where data integrity is critical.
T1 link
A T1 link is a type of network connection providing a data rate of 1.5 Mbps. It is commonly used in businesses and telecommunication infrastructures.
The T1 link can carry voice and data transmission, making it versatile for various applications.
When considering the bandwidth-delay product, like in a transcontinental T1 link, you find that it's reasonably significant due to the longer delays involved.
For a 50 ms one-way delay, the T1 link's bandwidth-delay product will be 75,000 bits, indicating how much data can be in transit.
  • Imagine T1 links as dedicated pipelines for data, ensuring a steady and reliable flow.
  • Even though 1.5 Mbps might seem slow compared to modern internet speeds, T1 links provide dedicated bandwidth which can be critical for specific use cases.
satellite communication
Satellite communication involves transmitting data between earth stations through satellites in space. These satellites can be in geostationary orbit, meaning they stay fixed relative to a point on Earth.
Due to the distance (around 35,900 km for geostationary satellites), the propagation delay is quite large—approximately 0.11967 seconds.
This delay affects the bandwidth-delay product significantly. For a 1.5-Mbps T1 link, the delay results in a high bandwidth-delay product, showing a substantial amount of data in transit.
  • Think of satellite communication like sending data on a very long relay race with a baton passing many checkpoints.
  • The high delay in satellite communication can impact applications requiring real-time interaction, such as online gaming or VoIP.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Consider a simple protocol for transferring files over a link. After some initial negotiation, A sends data packets of size \(1 \mathrm{~KB}\) to B; B then replies with an acknowledgment. A always waits for each ACK before sending the next data packet; this is known as stop-and-wait. Packets that are overdue are presumed lost and are retransmitted. (a) In the absence of any packet losses or duplications, explain why it is not necessary to include any "sequence number" data in the packet headers. (b) Suppose that the link can lose occasional packets, but that packets that do arrive always arrive in the order sent. Is a 2-bit sequence number (that is, \(N\) mod 4) enough for \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\) to detect and resend any lost packets? Is a 1-bit sequence number enough? (c) Now suppose that the link can deliver out of order, and that sometimes a packet can be delivered as much as 1 minute after subsequent packets. How does this change the sequence number requirements?

Calculate the latency (from first bit sent to last bit received) for the following: (a) 10-Mbps Ethernet with a single store-and-forward switch in the path, and a packet size of 5000 bits. Assume that each link introduces a propagation delay of \(10 \mu \mathrm{s}\) and that the switch begins retransmitting immediately after it has finished receiving the packet. (b) Same as (a) but with three switches. (c) Same as (a) but assume the switch implements "cut-through" switching: It is able to begin retransmitting the packet after the first 200 bits have been received.

The Unix utility whois can be used to find the domain name corresponding to an organization, or vice versa. Read the man page documentation for whois and experiment with it. Try whois princeton.edu and whois princeton, for starters.

The Unix utility ping can be used to find the RTT to various Internet hosts. Read the man page for ping, and use it to find the RTT to www.cs.princeton.edu in New Jersey and www.cisco.com in California. Measure the RTT values at different times of day, and compare the results. What do you think accounts for the differences?

For the following, as in the previous problem, assume that no data compression is done. Calculate the bandwidth necessary for transmitting in real time: (a) HDTV high-definition video at a resolution of \(1920 \times 1080,24\) bits/pixel, 30 frames/second. (b) POTS (plain old telephone service) voice audio of 8-bit samples at \(8 \mathrm{KHz}\). (c) GSM mobile voice audio of 260 -bit samples at \(50 \mathrm{~Hz}\). (d) HDCD high-definition audio of 24-bit samples at \(88.2 \mathrm{KHz}\).

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