Question

In our discussion of TCP congestion control in Section 3.7, we implicitly assumed that the TCP sender always had data to send. Consider now the case that the TCP sender sends a large amount of data and then goes idle (since it has no more data to send) at \(t_{1}\). TCP remains idle for a relatively long period of time and then wants to send more data at \(t_{2}\). What are the advantages and disadvantages of having TCP use the cwnd and ssthresh values from \(t_{1}\) when starting to send data at \(t_{2}\) ? What alternative would you recommend? Why?

Short answer

Use slow start on \(t_2\) to adapt to current network conditions, preventing congestion from outdated \(t_1\) values.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding TCP Congestion Control

To analyze the TCP congestion control, it's important to grasp the key parameters: **cwnd (congestion window)** and **ssthresh (slow start threshold)**. These values dynamically control the amount of data the sender can transmit without receiving an acknowledgment, effectively managing network congestion.

Consideration of Previous Values at t1

At time \( t_1 \), TCP has defined values for cwnd and ssthresh based on historical network conditions. If another transmission is initiated at \( t_2 \) with these same values, it assumes the network conditions have not changed during the idle period, potentially putting an outdated load pattern onto the current network state.

Advantages of Using t1 Values at t2

Utilizing cwnd and ssthresh from \( t_1 \) can enable faster data flow restart without waiting for the congestion control to recalibrate, potentially maximizing throughput if the network conditions haven’t deteriorated.

Disadvantages of Using t1 Values at t2

If network conditions have changed during the idle period (e.g., reduced available bandwidth due to other users), starting with outdated cwnd and ssthresh may cause congestion, packet loss, and reduced network performance due to excessive data being sent.

Alternative Approach - Slow Start Re-Initiation

An alternative is to reset and restart with the TCP slow start method to safely probe for current network conditions. By starting with a small cwnd and gradually increasing, we allow for a dynamic adjustment to the existing network state, ensuring efficiency and reducing the risk of congestion.

Recommendation and Conclusion

While using the previous values can be beneficial if the network state is stable, given the uncertainty of conditions during idle time, restarting with the slow start is advisable to adapt safely to current conditions. It ensures minimal congestion risk and optimal adaptability to network changes.

Key concepts

cwnd (congestion window)

The congestion window, often abbreviated as **cwnd**, is a fundamental concept in TCP congestion control. It represents the amount of data that the TCP sender can transmit into the network before requiring an acknowledgment (ack) from the receiver. This window is crucial in ensuring that the network is not overwhelmed with too much data at once.

The size of the **cwnd** is dynamically adjusted based on the perceived network congestion conditions. During normal operations, the cwnd may increase when acknowledgments are received, indicating that the network can handle more data.

• If acknowledgments are routinely coming back on time, the cwnd can grow, allowing for more packets to be sent simultaneously.
• If acknowledgments are delayed or if there are indications of congestion, such as packet loss, the cwnd may be decreased to reduce the load on the network.

By adapting the cwnd, TCP aims to maximize the data transfer rate while minimizing network congestion.

ssthresh (slow start threshold)

The slow start threshold, or **ssthresh**, is another key parameter in managing TCP's congestion control. It acts as a boundary that determines how the **cwnd** is increased after data packet acknowledgments are received. Initially, when a connection starts or after a timeout, TCP enters a **slow start phase**, where the cwnd increases exponentially with each acknowledged packet until it reaches the ssthresh.

Once the cwnd exceeds the ssthresh, TCP transitions from exponential growth to a more measured increase strategy known as additive increase. This strategy involves increasing the cwnd size more slowly to prevent overwhelming the network.

• **Exponential Growth**: Before reaching the ssthresh, cwnd doubles approximately every round-trip time (RTT), which helps to quickly find the capacity of the network.
• **Conservative Growth**: Beyond ssthresh, cwnd is increased linearly (instead of exponentially) to avoid network congestion.

The ssthresh value is critical, as it balances between rapid network utilization and cautious data flow to adapt to varying network conditions.

network conditions

Network conditions play a key role in TCP congestion control since they dictate how values like the **cwnd** and **ssthresh** should be adjusted. These conditions can fluctuate due to various factors such as changes in bandwidth, number of users sharing the network, and any potential network congestion or faults.

When a TCP sender becomes idle after transmitting a large amount of data, the network conditions existing at the time of idleness may change by the time data transmission resumes. If the sender were to use the same values of cwnd and ssthresh as before the idle period, it might incorrectly assume network capacity hadn't changed.

• This can be risky if the network capacity has reduced during inactivity.
• Conversely, if capacity is underestimated, data flow might be unnecessarily slow, wasting network resources.

To best manage these variations, TCP can restart with caution, recalibrating its congestion control settings using up-to-date network observations.

slow start method

The slow start method is an essential algorithm in TCP used to probe the network capabilities safely and adaptively. When a TCP connection starts, or after a significant idle period, the sender doesn't have a clear picture of the current network conditions.

To address this uncertainty, TCP employs the slow start method, beginning with a small cwnd (usually starting at one or two segments) and gradually increasing it. This increase occurs exponentially as the transmission progresses and packets are acknowledged, offering a controlled way to determine how much data the network can handle without becoming congested.

• **Initial Probing**: Starts with a minimal amount of data to avoid overwhelming the network.
• **Ramp-up Phase**: The cwnd doubles every round-trip time, allowing TCP to quickly assess the network's capacity.

Once the cwnd surpasses the ssthresh, TCP switches from slow start to congestion avoidance, slowing the growth of cwnd. This adaptive approach ensures efficient use of available network capacity while reducing the risk of packet loss and congestion.