Question

include #include using namespace std; int main() { int num1; int num2; cout << "Enter two integers: "; cin >> num1 >>… # Consider the following program: #include #include using namespace std; int main() { int num1; int num2; cout << "Enter two integers: "; cin >> num1 >> num2; cout << endl; if (num1 != 0 && num2 != 0) cout << sqrt(fabs(num1 + num2 + 0.0)) << endl; else if (num1 != 0) cout << floor(num1 + 0.0) << endl; else if (num2 != 0) cout << ceil(num2 + 0.0) << endl; else cout << 0 << endl; return 0; } a. What is the output if the input is \(124 ?\) b. What is the output if the input is \(327 ?\) c. What is the output if the input is 250 ? d. What is the output if the input is \(049 ?\)

Short answer

a. 1; b. ~5.477; c. ~7.211; d. 49

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Program Behavior

The program reads two integers from user input and performs specific mathematical operations based on their values. If both are non-zero, it calculates the square root of their sum. If only one is non-zero, it either floors or ceils the value. If both are zero, it outputs zero.

Analyze Input (a)

Input \(124?\): When entered, only `1` will be read due to the space expected between inputs. Thus, `num1 = 1` and `num2 = 0`. - Since `num1` is not zero, `ceil(num2)` is executed, resulting in `1`. The output is `1`.

Analyze Input (b)

Input \(327?\): Similar reasoning yields `num1 = 3`, `num2 = 27`. Both integers are non-zero, so the square root of their sum is calculated: - \( \text{sqrt}(|3 + 27|) = \text{sqrt}(30) \approx 5.477\); the output rounds to approximately `5.477`.

Analyze Input (c)

Input `250`: Input results in `num1 = 2`, `num2 = 50`. Both integers are non-zero. - \(\text{sqrt}(|2 + 50|) = \text{sqrt}(52) \approx 7.211\), providing an output of approximately `7.211`.

Analyze Input (d)

Input \(049?\): For this input, `num1 = 0`, `num2 = 49`. Only `num2` is non-zero. - The operation `ceil(num2)` returns `49` as output after adding `.0` and ceiking.

Key concepts

Control Structures

Control structures in C++ are essential tools that allow a program to alter the flow of execution. They help the program decide which code block to execute under certain conditions. In the sample program provided, we utilize an `if-else` control structure to evaluate and decide which mathematical operation to execute based on the values of `num1` and `num2`.
Typically, you'll encounter three types of control structures:

• Sequential: The most straightforward type, where commands are executed in the order they appear.
• Selection: This includes `if`, `if-else`, and `switch`. It allows the program to choose different paths of execution.
• Repetition: This structure repeats a block of code using loops like `while`, `for`, or `do-while`.

The sample program utilizes an `if-else` selection structure. It begins by checking if both `num1` and `num2` are non-zero. If true, it proceeds to compute the square root of their sum. If only `num1` is non-zero, it calculates the floor of `num1`. Conversely, if only `num2` is non-zero, it computes the ceiling of `num2`. If both are zero, it defaults to printing `0`.
This logical branching ensures that the program remains efficient and responsive to different input conditions.

Input/Output Operations

Input and output (I/O) operations are vital in C++ programming for interacting with users, allowing them to input data, and displaying results back to them. In the example program, we use the input stream `cin` and the output stream `cout`.
For inputs, `cin` is used to gather data from the user, taking entries directly from the console. The input is prompted with `cout` by asking the user, `Enter two integers:`. The values entered by the user are then stored in variables `num1` and `num2`.
Here are some key points to remember about I/O in C++:

• `cout` is used for outputting text and data to the standard output, usually the console.
• `cin` reads data from standard input, typically the keyboard.
• Be aware of input formats. For instance, our program expects two integer values separated by a space.

Output in the sample program is straightforward. After processing the input, it determines and displays a result using `cout`. This effectively communicates the program’s results to users, making `cout` a crucial element in user interaction.

Mathematical Functions

Mathematical functions in C++ are part of the standard library, accessible through the `` header. They bring robust functionality to handle complex calculations and transformations of number data. In the example program, we see the use of two such functions: `sqrt` and `fabs`.
The function `sqrt` calculates the square root of a number. It's utilized in the program to compute the square root of the sum of `num1` and `num2` when both are non-zero. Another function, `fabs`, is used to ensure the absolute value of the number is considered, though in integer context, it ensures positive results if signed integers are used.
Besides these, `` provides a wide variety of functions like:

• `floor`: This function rounds down a floating-point number to the nearest integer. In our program, it rounds down `num1` when `num2` is zero.
• `ceil`: This rounds up a floating-point number to the next largest integer, and it’s used when `num1` is zero to adjust `num2`.

Understanding these functions allows for implementing sophisticated mathematics in your code, reducing the need to manually code these calculations. Leveraging these built-in functions makes programs simpler and more reliable.