Question

Write \(\mathrm{C}++\) statements to define and initialize the following arrays. a. Array heights of 10 components of type double. Initilaize this array to the following values: 5.2,6.3,5.8,4.9,5.2,5.7,6.7,7.1,5.10,6.0. b. Array weights of 7 components of type int. Initilaize this array to the following values: 120,125,137,140,150,180,210. c. Array specialSymbols of type char. Initilaize this array to the following values: '$', '#', '%', '@', '&', '! ', '^'. d. Array seasons of 4 components of type string. Initilaize this array to the following values: "fall", "winter", "spring", "summer".

Short answer

Define and initialize arrays using C++ syntax as shown in each step with corresponding data types and values.

Step-by-step solution

Define and Initialize 'heights' Array

First, declare an array named `heights` with 10 elements of type `double`. Then, initialize it with the specified values. Use the following C++ statement: ```cpp double heights[10] = {5.2, 6.3, 5.8, 4.9, 5.2, 5.7, 6.7, 7.1, 5.10, 6.0}; ``` This initializes each element of the array with the given double values.

Define and Initialize 'weights' Array

Declare an array named `weights` with 7 elements of type `int`. Initialize it with the specified integer values. Use this C++ statement: ```cpp int weights[7] = {120, 125, 137, 140, 150, 180, 210}; ``` This sets up the array with each integer value as specified in the problem.

Define and Initialize 'specialSymbols' Array

Define an array called `specialSymbols` with 7 elements of type `char`. Initialize it with the given characters. Use the following C++ code: ```cpp char specialSymbols[7] = {'$', '#', '%', '@', '&', '!', '^'}; ``` Each character is enclosed in single quotes and separated by commas.

Define and Initialize 'seasons' Array

Declare an array named `seasons` with 4 elements of type `string`. Initialize it using the provided string values. The C++ statement is: ```cpp std::string seasons[4] = {"fall", "winter", "spring", "summer"}; ``` Make sure to include the `string` library at the beginning of the code with `#include `.

Key concepts

Array Initialization

Array initialization in C++ refers to the process of assigning initial values to an array when it is declared. It's an important aspect of working with arrays, as it sets the starting point for managing multiple data items. In C++, you can initialize arrays during their declaration by specifying the size and listing the values inside curly braces.
An essential point to remember is that if you do not provide enough values to fill the array, C++ will automatically fill the remaining elements with zero (for numeric types) or null characters (for `char` types). In some cases, you can also allow the compiler to infer the size based on the number of initializer values. This can simplify your code and reduce errors.
Example of initialization with size specification:

• int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
• char vowels[] = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}; (size inferred)

Data Types in C++

Data types in C++ are fundamental to understanding how variables are declared and managed. They define the type of data that can be stored and manipulated within a program. Understanding data types helps in using memory efficiently and performing the right operations on data.
C++ supports several data types:

• Primitive data types: Includes types such as int for integers, double for floating-point numbers, char for characters, and bool for boolean values.
• Derived data types: These include arrays, pointers, and references.
• User-defined data types: Such as structures (struct), classes, and unions.

Choosing the appropriate data type is crucial as it impacts the precision and size of the variables. For example, `double` offers more precision than `float`, making it suitable for calculations requiring higher accuracy, as seen in the `heights` array from the example.

Array Assignment

Array assignment in C++ is the way of assigning values to the array elements after it has been initialized. Post declaration assignment can be done using simple assignment operations, specifying the index where the value will be placed.
For example, if you have previously declared an array and now wish to update its value, you can do so by referencing its index:

• int ages[3]; (declaring an array of size 3)
• ages[0] = 20;
• ages[1] = 25;
• ages[2] = 30;

Remember that array indices in C++ start from 0, which means the first element is accessed with index 0, the second element with index 1, and so on. This is crucial for preventing out-of-bound errors, which occur when trying to access an index that does not exist.

C++ Programming

C++ Programming is a versatile and powerful language that supports a variety of programming paradigms, including procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming. It is widely used for developing applications that require high performance and detailed control over system resources.
Key features of C++ include:

• Object-Oriented Features: Such as classes and objects, inheritance, and polymorphism, which help structure complex programs.
• Rich Library Support: The Standard Library in C++ provides a wide range of functions for managing data, performing mathematical operations, and enhancing input/output tasks.
• Low-level manipulation capabilities: Through pointers and direct memory access, making it suitable for developing system-level applications such as operating systems and game engines.

For beginners, mastering basic concepts like variables, control structures, and arrays sets a solid foundation for diving into more advanced features of C++.