Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. a. In \(\mathrm{C}++,\) all operators can be overloaded for user-defined data types. b. In \(\mathrm{C}++,\) operators cannot be redefined for built-in types. c. The function that overloads an operator is called the operator function. d. \(\mathrm{C}++\) allows users to create their own operators. e. The precedence of an operator cannot be changed, but its associativity can be changed. f. Every instance of an overloaded function has the same number of parameters. g. It is not necessary to overload relational operators for classes that have only int member variables. h. The member function of a class template is a function template. i. When writing the definition of a friend function, the keyword friend must appear in the function heading. j. Templates provide the capability for software reuse. k. The function heading of the operator function to overload the preincrement operator \((++)\) and the post-increment operator \((++)\) is the same because both operators have the same symbols.

Short answer

a. False, b. True, c. True, d. False, e. False, f. False, g. False, h. False, i. False, j. True, k. False.

Step-by-step solution

Statement a Analysis

C++ does allow many operators to be overloaded; however, not all operators can be overloaded. Assignment operator, for instance, is an exception that can be overloaded. Therefore, this statement is false.

Statement b Analysis

In C++, operators cannot be redefined or overloaded for built-in types. This means that for built-in data types such as integers or floats, you cannot change how operators like '+' or '*' work. Thus, this statement is true.

Statement c Analysis

The function that is used to overload an operator in C++ is called the operator function. This is a standard term used to refer to the overloaded function. Therefore, this statement is true.

Statement d Analysis

C++ does not allow users to create new operators from scratch; however, users can overload existing operators for user-defined types. Therefore, this statement is false.

Statement e Analysis

In C++, while you cannot change the precedence of operators, you also cannot change their associativity. Both precedence and associativity of operators in C++ are fixed. Therefore, this statement is false.

Statement f Analysis

Each instance of an overloaded function must have a different number and/or type of parameters. Overloading is based on having different parameter lists. Hence, this statement is false.

Statement g Analysis

Even if a class has only "int" member variables, if it has user-defined behavior or requires specific comparison logic, overloading relational operators might be necessary. Thus, this statement is false.

Statement h Analysis

In C++, a member function of a class template does not necessarily need to be a function template. Therefore, this statement is false.

Statement i Analysis

The keyword friend is not required in the function heading when defining the function body outside the class definition. It is required only in the function declaration within the class. Therefore, this statement is false.

Statement j Analysis

Templates in C++ provide a way to write generic and reusable code, often described as enabling software reuse. Hence, this statement is true.

Statement k Analysis

The pre-increment and post-increment operators use the same symbols '++', but they have different function signatures because one needs a dummy int parameter for the post-increment operator to differentiate it. Therefore, this statement is false.

Key concepts

C++ Templates

C++ templates are a powerful feature that allows developers to write code that is both generic and reusable. By using templates, a single function or class can work with any data type without being rewritten for each one. This is accomplished by defining a template with placeholders, which are replaced by specific data types during compilation. Here’s how they work in more detail:

• **Function Templates**: These allow functions to operate on different types of data. For example, a single template function can perform a sort operation on arrays of integers, floats, or strings.
• **Class Templates**: Similar to function templates, class templates enable classes to handle any data type in a generic way. Containers such as vectors, stacks, and queues in the C++ Standard Library use class templates extensively.
• **Software Reuse**: Use of templates increases software reuse by allowing code to be used with various data types without modifications.

Using templates can greatly enhance flexibility and efficiency in C++ programming, making it easier to maintain and scale codebases.

Function Overloading

Function overloading is a feature in C++ that permits two or more functions to have the same name but differ in parameters. This allows you to implement polymorphism, where the same function name can perform different tasks based on arguments passed to it. Here are key points about function overloading:

• **Different Parameter Lists**: Functions must differ in the number or type of their parameters. This is a requirement for the compiler to differentiate between them.
• **Compile-Time Polymorphism**: Overloading resolves which function variant to use at compile time, not runtime. This leads to more efficient code execution.
• **Readability and Maintenance**: Having multiple functions with the same name but different parameters improves code readability and simplifies maintenance by grouping related functions logically.

Overall, function overloading enhances the expressiveness and flexibility of your code by allowing more intuitive function naming.

Operator Precedence

Operator precedence in C++ determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. It is an essential aspect of the language that affects the outcome of expressions in your code. Here’s what you need to know:

• **Fixed Precedence and Associativity**: In C++, both the precedence and associativity of operators are fixed and cannot be changed. This means that particular operators will always be evaluated before others per these rules.
• **Parentheses for Clarity**: Because operator precedence can be complex and lead to unexpected results, parentheses should be used whenever there’s doubt, to explicitly dictate the order of evaluation.
• **Common Pitfalls**: Misunderstanding operator precedence can lead to bugs that are subtle and challenging to detect, highlighting the importance of being familiar with these rules.

Mastering operator precedence helps avoid logical errors in your programs and ensures that your code behaves correctly and as intended.

Friend Functions in C++

Friend functions offer flexibility in C++ by granting functions access to the private and protected members of a class. This concept allows the definition of functions that can interact closely with class members, providing key benefits and considerations:

• **Declaration**: To declare a friend function, use the `friend` keyword within the class. This tells the compiler that the function is allowed to access the class's private and protected data.
• **When to Use**: Friend functions are handy when two or more classes are designed to work closely together, or when overloading operators that require access to the class’s private data.
• **Not a Member Function**: Although a friend function can access private class members, it is not a member of the class. Hence, it does not require the object to be invoked.

Friend functions can simplify operations between classes while maintaining encapsulation by allowing controlled access to class internals.