Question

Mark the following statements as true or false. a. The first device known to carry out calculations was the Pascaline. b. Modern-day computers can accept spoken-word instructions but cannot imitate human reasoning. c. In ASCII coding, every character is coded as a sequence of 8 bits. d. \(A\) compiler translates a high-level program into assembly language. e. The arithmetic operations are performed inside \(\mathrm{CPU}\), and if an error is found, it outputs the logical errors. f. A sequence of 0 s and 1 s is called a decimal code. g. \(A\) linker links and loads the object code from main memory into the CPU for execution. h. Development of a \(\mathrm{C}++\) program includes six steps. i. A program written in a high-level programming language is called a source program. j. \(\quad Z B\) stands for zero byte. k. The first step in the problem-solving process is to analyze the problem. I. In object-oriented design, a program is a collection of interacting functions.

Short answer

Statements a, b, c, d, e, f, g, j, l are false; statements h, i, k are true.

Step-by-step solution

Evaluate statement a

The Pascaline is an early mechanical calculator designed in the 17th century by Blaise Pascal to help with multiple-digit addition and subtraction. However, the abacus, an ancient tool used for calculations, predates the Pascaline. Thus, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement b

Modern-day computers can accept spoken-word instructions through technologies like voice recognition software and can imitate human reasoning to some extent through artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Therefore, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement c

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses a 7-bit code for each character, allowing for up to 128 characters. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits, but this is not standard ASCII. Hence, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement d

A compiler translates a high-level program into machine code or object code, not assembly language. Assemblers convert assembly language to machine code. Therefore, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement e

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs arithmetic operations, but logical errors are typically detected by software tools during debugging, not by the CPU after execution. Hence, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement f

A sequence of 0s and 1s represents binary code, not decimal code. Decimal code uses the digits 0 through 9. Thus, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement g

A linker combines object files to create an executable and resolves references between them; it does not load the code to the CPU. Loading is done by the loader. Thus, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement h

The development of a C++ program typically involves several steps: analyzing the problem, designing a solution, coding, compiling, linking, and testing. Therefore, the statement that there are six steps is **true**.

Evaluate statement i

A program written in a high-level programming language is indeed called a source program, prior to compilation. Therefore, the statement is **true**.

Evaluate statement j

The abbreviation 'ZB' is typically used to mean 'zettabyte', a unit of data storage, not 'zero byte'. Therefore, the statement is **false**.

Evaluate statement k

The first step in the problem-solving process is to analyze the problem, to understand what is being asked and gather relevant information. Thus, the statement is **true**.

Evaluate statement l

In object-oriented design, a program is structured as a collection of interacting objects or classes, not functions. Functions are used in procedural programming. Hence, the statement is **false**.

Key concepts

Problem Solving in C++

Understanding problem-solving in C++ is essential for writing efficient code. The process begins with analyzing the problem. This involves understanding the requirements and identifying the problem's boundaries. It's important to ask relevant questions and gather all necessary information to form a complete picture of the task at hand. Once the problem is well understood, developers move on to designing a solution.

In designing the solution, developers often create algorithms. Algorithms serve as step-by-step recipes to solve the problem. These can be visualized using flowcharts or pseudocode to organize thoughts clearly and provide a simplified format for what the program will do.

After the solution design comes the implementation phase, where the developer writes the actual C++ code. This phase converts the logical steps from algorithms and pseudocode into a language the computer can understand. Remember, efficient problem-solving requires a structured approach and continuous testing and refinement to ensure the program meets its requirements.

Computer Programming Concepts

Computer programming concepts form the backbone of C++ and other programming languages. These include understanding variables, control structures, functions, and data types.

In C++, variables are used to store data which can then be manipulated through various operations. To use a variable, you must first declare it, specifying its type, such as `int`, `char`, `float`, etc., which dictates the kind of data it can hold.

Control structures like loops (`for`, `while`) and conditionals (`if`, `else`) allow developers to control the flow of the program. They are used to repeat tasks or make decisions based on specific conditions. Functions provide modularity in programs by allowing for code reuse and better organization. Functions can take inputs (parameters), perform operations, and return results.

Understanding data types is also crucial, as they define the nature and size of data. These programming concepts are fundamental to C++ and serve as building blocks for writing more complex programs.

C++ Program Development Process

The C++ program development process is sequential and methodical, ensuring that programs function as intended. It typically follows six main steps: problem analysis, design, coding, compilation, linking, and testing.

The first step, problem analysis, involves gathering requirements and developing a clear understanding of what the program needs to achieve. Afterwards, the design phase translates requirements into a detailed plan or structure for the program. This may include creating algorithms and flowcharts.

In the coding phase, the designed algorithms are transcribed into C++ code. It requires attention to syntax and logic. Once coding is completed, the program undergoes compilation, where the source code is translated into machine code. This step checks and highlights syntax errors.

Linking follows, combining various code files into a single executable by resolving references between them. Finally, the program is tested to ensure it operates correctly. Testing can identify logical, runtime, and edge-case errors. Through this stepwise approach, developers can ensure robust and error-free C++ programs.