Question

Write a function that takes the time as three integer arguments (hours, minutes and seconds) and returns the number of seconds since the last time the clock "struck 12 ." Use this function to calculate the amount of time in seconds between two times, both of which are within one 12 -hour cycle of the clock.

Short answer

Calculate seconds since 12 for each time and find their difference.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Problem

We need to create a function that takes three integers (hours, minutes, seconds) as inputs and returns the number of seconds since the last time the clock struck 12:00 (midnight OR noon). We also need to calculate the time difference in seconds between two such time points within a 12-hour period.

Define the Function

We will define a function `seconds_since_midnight(hours, minutes, seconds)` that calculates the total seconds passed since 12. We'll later use this function to get the difference between two times.

Convert Time to Seconds

Calculate the number of seconds since 12 using the formula: \[ \text{total extunderscore seconds} = (\text{hours} \times 3600) + (\text{minutes} \times 60) + \text{seconds} \] This formula converts hours to seconds by multiplying by 3600, minutes to seconds by multiplying by 60, and adds any additional seconds.

Implement the Function

Here's the code for the function: ```python def seconds_since_midnight(hours, minutes, seconds): total_seconds = (hours * 3600) + (minutes * 60) + seconds return total_seconds ```

Calculate Time Difference

To find the time difference between two times, calculate the seconds since midnight for each time and subtract the two results.

Example Calculation

Suppose our two times are (2, 30, 15) and (5, 45, 5). First, use the function for both:- For (2, 30, 15): \[ 2 \times 3600 + 30 \times 60 + 15 = 9015 \text{ seconds} \]- For (5, 45, 5): \[ 5 \times 3600 + 45 \times 60 + 5 = 20705 \text{ seconds} \]Then, calculate the difference:\[ 20705 - 9015 = 11690 \text{ seconds} \]

Finalize Solution

The function implementation allows calculating time differences within a 12-hour period by evaluating both times in seconds since the last strike of 12 and then finding the difference, effectively giving the time interval in seconds.

Key concepts

Function Definition

In C++ programming, a function definition is a critical aspect because it encapsulates a block of code designed to perform a specific task. A well-defined function helps in organizing code better and allows for reusable components in the program.

When defining a function, it's essential to specify the function name, return type, and parameters. For this exercise, we focus on a function to calculate the time in seconds.

• Function name: `seconds_since_midnight`
• Return type: Integer, representing seconds
• Parameters: Three integers representing hours, minutes, and seconds

This function processes its inputs to provide the desired output - the number of seconds elapsed since the clock last struck 12. This component is essential in time calculations within a defined timeframe.

Time Conversion

Time conversion is a vital concept in programming, especially when dealing with time calculations. It involves transforming time units into a consistent form, often to simplify computations.

In this exercise, the goal is to convert a standard time expression into total seconds since the last 12 o'clock. This conversion is crucial because calculations involving time usually require a uniform unit for accuracy.

To convert hours and minutes to seconds:

• Convert hours to seconds by multiplying by 3600 (since one hour equals 3600 seconds).
• Convert minutes to seconds by multiplying by 60.
• Add any additional seconds directly to calculate the total.

This method allows for straightforward arithmetic operations, such as finding the interval between two times.

Algorithm Implementation

Implementing an algorithm involves writing code that efficiently executes a defined logic or process. This step in programming converts the planned solution into working software.

For this exercise, the algorithm focuses on calculating time differences within a 12-hour span.

The provided Python code example shows an effective implementation strategy. By calculating the total seconds since midnight for two different times and then finding the difference, the algorithm provides the solution. ```python def seconds_since_midnight(hours, minutes, seconds): total_seconds = (hours * 3600) + (minutes * 60) + seconds return total_seconds ``` This straightforward algorithm aids programmers in understanding how to implement more complex time-based solutions.

Problem Solving

Solving a problem in programming often requires understanding the issue, planning a solution, implementing the code, and testing the results. This structured approach is pivotal for effective coding practices.

In this scenario, it begins with recognizing the need to calculate the seconds since 12 o'clock and comparing two such times. The steps clearly delineated in the exercise guide the process:

• Understand the problem and its constraints.
• Design a function that encapsulates the logic for conversion to seconds.
• Use methodical calculations to ensure accuracy.

By breaking down the problem into smaller tasks, each section can be tackled individually, which simplifies the overall process. This approach not only simplifies coding but enhances problem-solving skills for future challenges.