Question

You are given the following program: \(\mathrm{a}=[1,3,5,7,11]\) \(\mathrm{b}=[13,17]\) \(c=a+b\) print \(\mathrm{c}\) \(\mathrm{b}[0]=-1\) \(\mathrm{~d}=[\mathrm{e}+1\) for e in a] print d \(\mathrm{d}\). append \((\mathrm{b}[0]+1)\) \(\mathrm{d}\). append \((\mathrm{b}[-1]+1)\) print \(\mathrm{d}[-2:]\) Explain what is printed by each print statement.

Short answer

First print: [1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17]; second print: [2, 4, 6, 8, 12]; third print: [0, 18].

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Program Initialization

The program starts by initializing two lists: \(a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]\) and \(b = [13, 17]\). These lists contain integers and will be used to perform subsequent operations.

Performing List Concatenation

The line \(c = a + b\) concatenates list \(a\) and list \(b\), resulting in a new list \(c = [1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17]\). Then, the program prints the list \(c\).

Modifying a List

The program modifies the first element of list \(b\) by setting \(b[0] = -1\), changing \(b\) to \([-1, 17]\). However, this does not affect the previously concatenated list \(c\).

Generating a New List from Existing List

The list \(d\) is created by adding 1 to each element in list \(a\). Therefore, \(d\) becomes \([2, 4, 6, 8, 12]\). The program then prints the list \(d\).

Appending Values to a List

The program appends two values to list \(d\). The first value appended is \(b[0] + 1\), which is \(-1 + 1 = 0\). The second value appended is \(b[-1] + 1\), which is \(17 + 1 = 18\). Thus, \(d\) becomes \([2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 0, 18]\).

Slicing and Printing the List

The code prints the last two elements of the modified list \(d\), which are accessed by the slice \(d[-2:]\). These elements are \([0, 18]\).

Key concepts

list operations

In Python programming, list operations are fundamental tasks that allow us to manipulate and interact with lists. Lists are versatile, mutable data structures that can store elements of diverse data types. When working with lists, you can perform operations such as:

• Concatenation: Combining two or more lists into one.
• Modification: Updating elements, adding or removing elements.
• Slicing: Accessing a subset of list elements.
• Appending: Adding elements to the end of a list.

These operations provide us the flexibility to dynamically manage and interact with data in program execution.
Understanding these list operations is crucial for effective coding in Python, as they feature prominently in data manipulation and algorithm implementation.

list concatenation

List concatenation in Python allows you to join multiple lists into a single list. This operation is performed using the `+` operator, which creates a new list by appending the elements of the second list to the first. Let's consider an example:

• Suppose you have two lists, `a = [1, 2]` and `b = [3, 4]`.
• Using `c = a + b`, you concatenate them to get `c = [1, 2, 3, 4]`.

It's important to note that the original lists `a` and `b` remain unchanged after this operation, as concatenation creates a new list. The ability to quickly merge lists makes concatenation a powerful tool for data structuring, particularly when aggregating multiple datasets or inputs into a cohesive collection.

list modification

List modification refers to changing the elements or structure of a list after it has been created. Since lists are mutable in Python, you can modify their contents easily. Some common list modifications include:

• Changing an element's value: You can assign a new value to an element at a specific index, for example, `b[0] = -1` changes the first element of list `b` to -1.
• Appending elements: Adding new items to the end of a list using the `append()` method, e.g., `d.append(0)`.
• Removing elements: You can remove elements using methods like `remove()` or `pop()`.

These modifications are very useful for dynamically updating lists as the data they hold changes over time. By understanding how to modify lists, you can tailor your data structures to fit your program's needs.

list slicing

List slicing is a technique used to access a subset of a list's elements. It involves specifying the start and end indices to determine which segment of the list you wish to access. Consider list slicing with this example:

• Given a list `d = [2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 0, 18]`, you can use `d[-2:]` to extract the last two elements, `[0, 18]`.

The syntax `list[start:end]` returns a new list including elements from the `start` index up to, but not including, the `end` index. Omitting `start` or `end` lets you default to the beginning or end of the list, respectively. Slicing is an efficient way to work with and manipulate list sections, perfect for cases where only a part of the overall dataset is needed for processing.