Problem 11
One of the problems associated with obesity is the increased risk of Type 2 diabetes. High fatty acid concentration in the blood reduces glucose uptake and metabolism by skeletal muscle, increasing levels of blood glucose and insulin secretion (insulin resistance). Prolonged overproduction of insulin can cause failure of the \(\beta\) cells of the pancreas and Type 2 diabetes. This occurs in \(\sim 40 \%\) of obese individuals over \(5-10\) years. One way of regulating the concentration of fatty acids in blood is their reesterification into triacylglycerols. One type of antidiabetic drug (thiazolidinedione) acts on a nuclear receptor (PPAR \(\gamma 2\) ) facilitating the rate of fatty acid esterification in white adipose tissue. All of the following events are usually involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue except A. addition of a fatty acyl CoA to a diacylglycerol. B. addition of a fatty acyl CoA to a lysophosphatide. C. a reaction catalyzed by glycerol kinase. D. hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid by a phosphatase. E. reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Problem 12
One of the problems associated with obesity is the increased risk of Type 2 diabetes. High fatty acid concentration in the blood reduces glucose uptake and metabolism by skeletal muscle, increasing levels of blood glucose and insulin secretion (insulin resistance). Prolonged overproduction of insulin can cause failure of the \(\beta\) cells of the pancreas and Type 2 diabetes. This occurs in \(\sim 40 \%\) of obese individuals over \(5-10\) years. One way of regulating the concentration of fatty acids in blood is their reesterification into triacylglycerols. One type of antidiabetic drug (thiazolidinedione) acts on a nuclear receptor (PPAR \(\gamma 2\) ) facilitating the rate of fatty acid esterification in white adipose tissue. Glycerol-3-phosphate for triacylglycerol synthesis A. is always formed by reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. B. can be formed in liver by glyceroneogenesis but not in adipose tissue. C. derives its carbons primarily from amino acids in the fed state. D. can be synthesized only in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. E. is derived primarily from glucose via glycolysis in the fed state.
Problem 13
How does \(\beta\) -oxidation of an unsarurated fatty acid deal with the narurally occurring cis double bond when the first step of \(\beta\) -oxidation produces a trans enoyl CoA intermediate?
