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(a) List ways in which the resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed.

(b) After optimization of an isocratic elution with several solvents, the resolution of two peaks is 1.2How might you improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase?

Short Answer

Expert verified

a) The resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed

- by changing the fraction of each solvent

- by changing the solvent

- by changing the PH

- by changing the stationary phase

- by changing the temperature

Step by step solution

01

Resolution of elution definition

The resolution of a elution is a quantitative measure of how well two elution peaks can be differentiated in a chromatographic separation.

02

Improving the resolution  

a) The resolution between two closely spaced peaks might be changed

- by changing the fraction of each solvent

- by changing the solvent

- by changing the PH

- by changing the stationary phase

- by changing the temperature

Question: (b) After optimization of an isocratic elution with several solvents, the resolution of two peaks is How might you improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase?


Answer:

To improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase we can use a different temperature, longer column, slower flow rate and smaller particle size.

03

Resolution of elution definition

The resolution of a elution is a quantitative measure of how well two elution peaks can be differentiated in a chromatographic separation.

04

Improving the Resolution  

To improve the resolution without changing solvents or the kind of stationary phase we can use a different temperature, longer column, slower flow rate and smaller particle size

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Most popular questions from this chapter

a. Why is high pressure needed in HPLC?

b. For a given column length , why do smaller particles give a higher plate number?

c. What is bonded phase in liquid chromatography?

Chromatographyโ€“mass spectrometry. HPLC separation of

enantiomers of the drug Ritalin on a chiral stationary phase was

shown in Problem 25-13.

(a) Detection is by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with

selected reaction monitoring of the m/z 23484 transitions. Explain

how this detection works and propose structures for m/z 234 and m/z 84.

(b) For quantitative analysis, the internal standardH32-Ritalin with

a deuterated methyl group was added. Deuterated enantiomers have

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Literature search problem: The purity of cocaine bought on the street varies dramatically. Cutting agents include levamisole, a compound normally used to kill parasites. Search the literature for a reversed-phase liquid chromatography method with diode array detection for the determination of the purity of street cocaine.

(a) Give the citation (authors, title, journal name, year, volume, pages) for the research paper that fits the criteria of this analysis.

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Two peaks emerge from a reversed-phase chromatography column as sketched in the illustration.

According to Equation 23-33, resolution is given by

Resolution=N4(ฮฑ-1)ฮฑ(k21+k2)

where Nis plate number, ฮฑis relative retention (Equation23-20), and k2 is the retention factor for the more retained component (Equation 23-16).

(a) If you decrease the amount of organic solvent in the mobile phase, you will increase retention. Sketch the chromatogram if retention factors increase but Nand ฮฑare constant.

(b) If you change the solvent type or the stationary phase, you will change the relative retention. Sketch the chromatogram ifฮฑincreases but Nandk1are constant.

(c) If you decrease particle size or increase column length, you can increase the plate number. Sketch the chromatogram if Nincreases by (i) decreasing particle size and (ii) increasing column length. Assume ฮฑand k2are constant.

(a) You wish to use a wide gradient from 5 vol % to 95 vol %B for the first separation of a mixture of small molecules to decide whether to use gradient or isocratic elution. What should be the gradient time, tG,for a 15ร—0.46-cmcolumn containing 3-ฮผmparticles with a flow of 1.0mL/min

You optimized the gradient separation going from 20vol%to 34 vol% Bin 11.5min at 1.0mLFindk*for this optimized

separation. To scale up to a 15ร—1.0cmcolumn, what should be the gradient time and the volume flow rate? If the sample load on

the small column was 1mgwhat sample load can be applied to the large column? Verify that k*is unchanged.

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