Question

State whether the errors in (a)-(d) are random or systematic:

(a) A 25 - mL transfer pipet consistently delivers $\mathbf{25}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{031}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{009}\mathbf{mL}$.

(b) A 10 - mL buret consistently delivers role="math" localid="1663303542431" $\mathbf{1}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{98}\mathbf{\pm }\mathbf{0}\mathbf{.}\mathbf{01}\mathbf{mL}$when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2mL and consistently delivers 2.03mL$\mathbf{\pm }$0.02mL when drained from 2 to 4mL .

(c) A 10 - mL buret delivered 1.9839g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00mL . The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00mL mark, the delivered mass was .

(d) Four consecutive 20.0 - $\mathbf{\mu }$L injections of a solution into a chromatograph were made and the area of a particular peak was 4383 , 4410, 4401 , and 4390 units.

Short answer

A. Systematic error

B. Random error

C. Random error

D. Systematic error

Step-by-step solution

Definition of systematic and random error.

⦁ Systematic errors are mistakes that are not caused by chance, but rather by an inherent inaccuracy in the system (including either the observation or measurement process). The term "systematic error" can also refer to a mistake with a nonzero mean that has no impact when the observations are averaged.

⦁ The term "random error" refers to an unanticipated disruption in the experiment caused by an unknown source. In theory, you may track down the cause of the mistake and eliminate it in a better trial, bringing the measured mean closer to the real mean. Random mistake can be either beneficial or harmful, and it can't be avoided.

Determine whether the error in (a)-(d) is systematic or random.

A. Systematic error

B. Random error

C. Random error

D. Systematic error