Question

State the hybridization of each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon structures in problem 11.

Short answer

The hybridization of each carbon is assigned as given below-

1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

Step-by-step solution

Introduction: Hybridization

Hybridization is the process of intermixing atomic orbitals having almost equivalent energy, which occurs to give hybridized orbital of equal energy and equal size.

The number of hybridized orbitals formed equals the number of atomic orbitals overlapped or mixed. Hybridization occurs when the atoms will make a bond and are not in an isolated state. If the hybridization of atoms is known, the shape of the hybrid orbitals can be predicted.

To find the hybridization:

• First, count the number of atoms connected to the atom for which the hybridization is to be found.
• The second step is to count the number of lone pairs surrounding it.
• Add both the above-given quantities, and if it is 4, hybridization is sp³, if it is 2, hybridization is sp², and if this number is 1, hybridization is sp.

Hybridization a)

By counting the number of atoms and electron pairs around each carbon atom in the molecule, hybridization can be assigned to each.

Hybridization b)

By counting the number of atoms and electron pairs around each carbon atom in the molecule, hybridization can be assigned to each.

Hybridization c)

By counting the number of atoms and electron pairs around each carbon atom in the molecule, hybridization can be assigned to each.

Hybridization d)

By counting the number of atoms and electron pairs around each carbon atom in the molecule, hybridization can be assigned to each.