Question

List the variables that lead to zone broadening in chromatography.

Short answer

Zone broadening in chromatography is caused by a large diameter column, dense layers in the liquid stationary phases, high temperature in gas chromatography, high viscosity in liquid chromatography, increased particle diameter, and very high and very slow flow rates of the mobile phase, and slow sample injection.

Step-by-step solution

Step1. Given information

In chromatography, the list of the variables that cause zone broadening needs to be determined.

Step2. Variables that lead to zone broadening in chromatography. 

1. The increased diameter of the column particles causes zone broadening in chromatography.
2. In chromatography, slow injection of a sample onto a packed column causes zone broadening.
3. The dense layers found in liquid stationary phases are equally responsible for zone broadening in chromatography.
4. The temperature in gas chromatography is extremely high, which causes zone broadening in chromatography.
5. The flow rates in the mobile phase are extremely high and extremely slow, resulting in zone broadening in chromatography.
6. The column diameter is extremely large, resulting in zone broadening in chromatography.
7. In the case of liquid chromatography, the high viscosity of the mobile phase causes zone broadening.
8. The sample is injected into the packed column extremely slowly. In chromatography, this results in zone broadening.