Chapter 4: Q27P (page 223)
Write an equation for the reaction of vitamin E with an oxidizing radical (RO·) to give ROH and a less reactive free radical.
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Question: When ethene is mixed with hydrogen in the presence of a platinum catalyst, hydrogen adds across the double bond to form ethane. At room temperature, the reaction goes to completion. Predict the signs for this reaction. Explain these signs in terms of bonding and freedom of motion.
When healthy, Earth’s stratosphere contains a low concentration of ozone (O3)that absorbs potentially harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the cycle shown at right.
Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, such as Freon 12 (CF2Cl2), are stable in the lower atmosphere, but in the stratosphere, they absorb high-energy UV radiation to generate chlorine radicals.
The presence of a small number of chlorine radicals appears to lower ozone concentrations dramatically. The following reactions are all known to be exothermic (except the one requiring light) and to have high-rate constants. Propose two mechanisms to explain how a small number of chlorine radicals can destroy large numbers of ozone molecules. Which of the two mechanisms is more likely when the concentration of chlorine atoms is very small?
Write a mechanism for light-initiated reaction of cyclobutene with chlorine to give chlorocyclobutane. Label the initiation and propagation steps.
reacts with bromine in the presence of light to give a mono brominate product. Further reaction gives a good yield of a dibrominated product. Predict the structures of these products, and propose a mechanism for the formation of the monobrominated product.
Question: The bromination of methane proceeds through the following steps:
(a) Draw a complete reaction-energy diagram for this reaction.
(b) Label the rate-limiting step.
(c) Draw the structure of each transition state
(d) Compute the overall value offor the bromination.
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