Question

Draw structures corresponding to the following names: (a) Bromoacetone (b) \((S)-2\) -Hydroxypropanal (c) 2 -Methyl-3-heptanone (d) \((2 S, 3 R)-2,3,4\) -Trihydroxybutanal (e) 2,2,4,4 -Tetramethyl-3-pentanone (f) 4 -Methyl-3-penten-2-one (g) Butanedial (h) 3 -Phenyl-2-propenal (i) 6,6 -Dimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadienone (j) \(p\) -Nitroacetophenone

Short answer

Draw organic structures based on functional groups and carbon backbones described in each name: Bromoacetone, (S)-2-Hydroxypropanal, etc.

Step-by-step solution

Identify Functional Groups and Backbone

The first step is to identify the functional groups and carbon backbone for each compound from its name. For "(a) Bromoacetone," it contains a bromine atom and an acetone moiety. For "(b) (S)-2-Hydroxypropanal," it has a hydroxyl group and an aldehyde group on a propane chain. Follow similarly for each name.

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Draw the Structure

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Key concepts

Functional Groups

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Each functional group reacts in virtually the same way, regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. Understanding these groups is key in predicting the behavior of chemical substances. Some common functional groups include:

• Hydroxyl Group: Denoted by –OH, found in alcohols.
• Carbonyl Group: Found in aldehydes and ketones; represented by >C=O.
• Bromo Group: Represents a bromine atom bound to carbon, crucial in halogenated hydrocarbons.
• Nitro Group: Composed of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, found in nitro compounds like aromatic nitroso compounds.

Recognizing functional groups helps identify how different molecules might interact, their reactivity, and the type of reactions they can participate in.

Structural Isomers

Structural isomers are fascinating because they have the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to different structural arrangements of atoms. For example, butane (C₄H₁₀) can exist as either n-butane or isobutane, both having distinct shapes and properties. This variance occurs due to:

• Chain Isomerism: Different carbon chains or branching.
• Position Isomerism: Functional groups occupy different positions on the carbon chain.
• Functional Isomerism: Same formula but different functional groups (like alcohols vs ethers).

Understanding structural isomers aids in grasping the complexity of organic molecules and the diversity within organic chemistry.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules. It plays a critical role in the properties and chemical reactions of compounds. Considerations include:

• Chirality: Molecules with a non-superimposable mirror image, like our hands. Such molecules have at least one chiral center, usually a carbon with four different groups attached.
• Optical Isomerism: Chiral molecules exist as two enantiomers which rotate plane-polarized light differently (example: (S)- and (R)- nomenclature).
• Geometric Isomerism: Deals with the differing spatial orientation around a double bond (cis/trans isomers).

Stereochemistry is key for understanding why biological molecules behave the way they do, as most biological systems are chiral-sensitive.

Ketones

Ketones are organic compounds characterized by the carbonyl group (C=O) situated between two carbon atoms. They are versatile and widely encountered in chemistry due to their reactivity and prevalence in various processes. Key features of ketones include:

• Position of the Carbonyl Group: Unlike aldehydes where the carbonyl is at the end, in ketones it is always internal.
• Common examples: Acetone is the simplest form of a ketone and widely used in industries.
• Reactivity: They undergo nucleophilic addition reactions and can form ketals/acetal compounds.

Understanding ketones is crucial for grasping many chemical reactions, including metabolic pathways in biology.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are another class of carbonyl-containing compounds where the carbonyl group is positioned at the end of a carbon chain. This structural feature endows them with distinct properties and reactivity patterns. Important aspects of aldehydes include:

• Terminal Carbonyl Group: Always located at the chain's end, providing distinct reactivity.
• Common use: Formaldehyde is widely used in the production of plastics and resins.
• Reactivity: Highly reactive towards nucleophiles, making them excellent candidates for polymer and intermediate synthesis.

Aldehydes are valuable in industries and organic reactions due to their unique position in the carbon chain, which affects both their physical and chemical properties.