Question

Show reagents and experimental conditions to bring about the following transformations.

Short answer

Answer: To convert benzene to phenol: 1. Reagents: a. Nitration: Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) b. Reduction: Tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) c. Hydrolysis: Aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and heat 2. Experimental conditions: a. Nitration: Benzene is cooled in an ice bath and slowly mixed with a nitrating mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4. The reaction mixture is then heated under reflux. b. Reduction: Nitrobenzene is mixed with Sn and HCl in a flask, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux. c. Hydrolysis: The crude mixture from the reduction step is made alkaline with a NaOH solution and heated under reflux. To convert ethanol to ethanoic acid: 1. Reagents: a. Oxidizing agent: Potassium dichromate(VI) (K2Cr2O7) b. Acidic medium: Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2. Experimental conditions: a. Ethanol, K2Cr2O7, and dilute H2SO4 are mixed in a flask and heated under reflux. The reaction mixture turns from orange to green as Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III).

Step-by-step solution

Transformation 1 – Reactants and Products

First, the reactants and products should be identified. Since the exercise does not mention specific transformations, an example transformation will be used to provide subsequent guidelines. Example transformation: Convert benzene to phenol. Reactants: Benzene (C6H6) Products: Phenol (C6H5OH)

Transformation 1 – Reagents and Conditions

To bring about the transformation from benzene to phenol, the following reagents and experimental conditions are needed: 1. Reagents: a. Nitration: Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) b. Reduction: Tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) c. Hydrolysis: Aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and heat 2. Experimental conditions: a. Nitration: Benzene is cooled in an ice bath and slowly mixed with a nitrating mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4. The reaction mixture is then heated under reflux. b. Reduction: Nitrobenzene is mixed with Sn and HCl in a flask, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux. c. Hydrolysis: The crude mixture from the reduction step is made alkaline with a NaOH solution and heated under reflux.

Transformation 2 – Reactants and Products

Again, the reactants and products should be identified. As no specific transformation is given in the original exercise, another example will be provided here. Example transformation: Convert ethanol to ethanoic acid. Reactants: Ethanol (C2H5OH) Products: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

Transformation 2 – Reagents and Conditions

To bring about the transformation from ethanol to ethanoic acid, the following reagents and experimental conditions are needed: 1. Reagents: a. Oxidizing agent: Potassium dichromate(VI) (K2Cr2O7) b. Acidic medium: Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2. Experimental conditions: a. Ethanol, K2Cr2O7, and dilute H2SO4 are mixed in a flask and heated under reflux. The reaction mixture turns from orange to green as Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III). Please note that these are just example transformations. You can apply similar guidelines to determine the reagents and experimental conditions for other chemical transformations. When solving a specific problem, it is crucial to first identify the reactants and products and then consider their chemical properties and common reactions.