Question

Draw structural formulas for all of the following. (a) Alcohols with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}\) (b) Aldehydes with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}\) (c) Ketones with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}\) (d) Carboxylic acids with the molecular formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}_{2}\)

Short answer

Question: Draw the structural formulas for the following types of organic molecules with their given molecular formulas: a) Alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O, b) Aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O, c) Ketones with the molecular formula C5H10O, d) Carboxylic acids with the molecular formula C5H10O2. Answer: a) Alcohols: 1. Butanol: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH, 2. 2-Methyl-1-propanol: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-OH, 3. 1,2-Dimethylethanol: CH3-CH(OH)-CH3-CH3 b) Aldehydes: 1. Butanal: CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO, 2. 2-Methylpropanal: CH3-CH(CH3)-CHO c) Ketones: 1. Pentan-2-one: CH3-CH2-CO-CH2-CH3, 2. 3-Methylbutan-2-one: CH3-CH(CO-CH3)-CH2-CH3, 3. 2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one: CH3-CH(CH3)-CO-CH(CH3)-CH3 d) Carboxylic acids: 1. Pentanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH, 2. 3-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH, 3. 2-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-COOH, 4. 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid: CH3-C(CH3)2-COOH

Step-by-step solution

Alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O

The general structure for an alkyl alcohol is R-OH where R represents an alkyl group. We will draw all alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O. 1. Butanol: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH 2. 2-Methyl-1-propanol: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-OH 3. 1,2-Dimethylethanol: CH3-CH(OH)-CH3-CH3

Aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O

The general structure for an aldehyde is R-CHO where R represents an alkyl group. We will draw all aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O. 1. Butanal: CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO 2. 2-Methylpropanal: CH3-CH(CH3)-CHO

Ketones with the molecular formula C5H10O

The general structure for a ketone is R-CO-R' where R and R' represent alkyl groups. We will draw all ketones with the molecular formula C5H10O. 1. Pentan-2-one: CH3-CH2-CO-CH2-CH3 2. 3-Methylbutan-2-one: CH3-CH(CO-CH3)-CH2-CH3 3. 2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one: CH3-CH(CH3)-CO-CH(CH3)-CH3

Carboxylic acids with the molecular formula C5H10O2

The general structure for a carboxylic acid is R-COOH where R represents an alkyl group. We will draw all carboxylic acids with the molecular formula C5H10O2. 1. Pentanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH 2. 3-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH 3. 2-Methylbutanoic acid: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-COOH 4. 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid: CH3-C(CH3)2-COOH